Medical Law Essay Example

Medical Law Essay Example Medical Law Paper Medical Law Paper The case presents parents disagreeing with each other over their 12 year old minor receiving continued chemotherapy for his leukaemia. While boy and mother are against the treatment, father and doctors of the trust want to continue treatment so that the boy would survive for one more year. The principle the doctor should follow is the ‘best- interests’ of the patient regardless of the parents’ conflicting stance. Even if both the parents want to discontinue treatment, the doctor should not ignore best-interests principle since the patient is incompetent to decide. As there is no urgency if treatment is continued, the doctors would be well advised to refer the matter to ethical committee in the hospital for ultimate reference to Court’s appropriate orders. At least until the court is approached, the boy’s treatment should continue. In England, consent or refusal to treatment by adults is specifically provided for only in Mental Health Act obviously due to mental incapacity. For Children, Family Reform Act 1969 and Children Act 1989 would apply. Children who are 16 or 17 years old can be treated as adults for consent purposes, though it would not apply to refusal. For Children below 16, Gillick (1986) case law is of some assistance. The principle set out in that case states that if the minor patient is of sufficient intelligence and understanding; he/she is considered Gillick competent to give consent. Refusal to such a treatment already consented to whether by minor patient himself or by his parents is to be treated in a different perspective. For babies or young children, some one on their behalf alone can give consent in the best interests of the child. If there is a conflict, court can have overriding power to intervene and decide in the best interests of the children. In re M [1999), 15? year old, Gillick competent, with an acute heart failure was recommended for heart transplant. But the patient refused, unwilling to have someone else’s heart. The doctor decided that transplant was in the bests interests of the minor patient and therefore it was held to be valid in spite of refusal. In the instant case, Peter is a 12 year old boy undergoing treatment for leukaemia which he wants to be discontinued due to the painful chemotherapy. Since the doctor is opinion that continuance of treatment would ensure his one more year’s survival, his father is willing to continue treatment but his mother is resisting. Since minor has no capacity and hence no autonomy, his refusal can be overridden by the proxies of parents. In this case there is conflict between parents and the doctor is at risk to unilaterally continue or discontinue treatment due to the prospect of either of the parents proceeding against him. Though the doctor is permitted under law to decide in the ‘best interests’ principle, court intervention will be desirable in the present case because of the time available for taking a decision for continuance or discontinuance. The doctor will be in real fix if the decision is to be taken instantly in which case best-interests principle would apply. Assuming that this is a case of conflict between parents and the doctor, section 15. 2 of BMA Guidance will apply (BMA). Again this provision calls for an assessment of benefits or burden of treatment. The medical profession is guided by the same criteria as it would apply in the case of an adult in similar situation of severe unavoidable pain and distress. This crystallises to the principle of best interests of the patient, be an adult or a child. The General Medical Council’s guidance as Good Medical Practice (2006) also stresses the principle of the best interests of the child in para no 68 which says that the doctor should along with the parents or those responsible for the child assess burdens or risks for the child and encourage the child also to participate in the decision making process consistent with age and maturity of the child. Para 69 says that doctor should assess capacity of the child so as to take a particular decision and to understand consequences of treatment or non treatment. Particularly paras 72 to 76 exhort the doctors in charge of the incompetent patient to achieve a consensus between the two parents of parental responsibly without allowing the parent not in agreement to veto their proposal. It has been made further clear that doctors in charge of the incompetent patient to approach the problem with compassion and take the parents and others concerned into confidence so that they in their emotional outburst do not commit errors in their judgment. If still not possible to eliminate differences of opinion among the parents preventing treatment, doctors should seek legal advice and get a ruling from the courts. If none of them with parental responsibility is willing to authorise treatment, doctor can not implement his proposal without court’s ruling unless the emergency calls for treatment in the best interests of the child in order to prevent deterioration and to save the child’s life for the time being. In any case court’s ultimate orders will have to be obtained in such situations. (GMC) He should also consider applicable laws or legal precedents relevant to the different jurisdictions of U. K. In Re J (1990), court held that treatment was not in the best interests of the patient if affliction was to an intolerable extent. If the doctor gives treatment which would involve physical examination, surgery, or dressing a wound without a valid consent, he would be held liable for battery. Even if treatment is continued after the consent is withdrawn, it would amount to battery. In respect of Devi [1980], doctor was held liable for battery for conducting hysterectomy which the patient had understood as having consented for only repair of her uterus. In what is know as Glass case, Jones and Samanta (2004) report that in a case that came up before European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), mother insisted on withholding her consent which doctors resisted and gave medical treatment on two occasions with an intent to give him palliative care for a dying patient. The child has survived even today though the doctors acted in the best interests of the child. The ECHR awarded costs to David’s mother finding that doctors failed to demonstrate sufficient emergency to act in the child’s best interests. In brief, the case was about Davis Glass, the patient born in 1986 as mentally and physically disabled who had been under 24 hour care and attention by his mother and family members. As he was not considered by them as terminally ill, family members hoped he would survive his normal life span. During 1998, he had to be admitted to the Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust for a tonsillectomy. His postoperative condition became complicated and after several attempts of resuscitations, doctor felt his condition had become terminal and further intensive care would not be appropriate. But family felt doctors were not interventional enough as he was born disabled and certain to die. Fortunately, David recovered and was discharged. On the next readmission, doctors wanted to use opiates in his treatment as a part of palliative care to relive him of pain, anxiety and distress. This was not agreed upon by his mother who maintained that the doctors were attempting covert euthanasia and demanded he be put to full resuscitation with intubation in case of cardiac arrest. Doctors held the view that it would not be appropriate and asked for legal advice. The solicitor advised no court’s precedent existed declining doctor’s decision to provide palliative care to an incompetent patient and who is terminally ill. This time also David improved and was sent home. But on a readmission some time later, he was diagnosed with a terminally respiratory failure condition and hence was advised administration of Diamorphine for pain relief and to free him from distress. But the mother refused to believe that he was dying and did not agree to the administration of Diamorphine which she felt would spoil his chances of recovery. Despite her reservation, hospital gave in the Diamorphine and after a lot of commotion as result due to David’s mother’s reaction, the patient surprisingly recovered whereas both doctors and the patient’s mother had come to conclusion that he was dying. The authors conclude that current case law and statutes are not sufficient to solve such problems of whether doctors have acted in the best interests of the patients or not. Quoting Glass case, Hagger LE (2004) says that health professionals should ensure that their actions are demonstrable so that they are not accused of having acted in haste and that if provisions of Human Rights Act 1998 are observed in practice, there will be no fall out. Though the following case is not medical-law related, it would be of assistance in the case of disputes between parents over their child’s right. The case involved religious upbringing and circumcision of the child. Mother was a Christian and father, a Muslim. They were both non-practicing. Their five year old boy had acquired a mixed heritage and secular life style by being brought up by his mother and staying in contact with his father. Under section 8 of the Children’s Act, father applied for boy’s circumcision which the High Court declined. The Lordship found that circumcision would be more of an exception than the rule since the boy was being brought up in non-Muslim circle. Even though father appealed claiming that boy was born a Muslim and mere separation would not render him a non-Muslim, the court held that s 1 (7) of the Children Act does not allow a parent to let his son undergo circumcision without the consent of the other especially because of circumcision is irreversible. Bridge Caroline (2000) comments Section 2(7) of the Children Act 1989 provides that: ‘Where more than one parent has parental responsibility for a child, each of them may act alone and without the other (others) in meeting that responsibility; but nothing in this Part shall be taken to effect the operation of any enactment which requires the consent of more than one person in a matter affecting the child. Clearly, there are issues recognized by s 13(1) of the Childrens Act 1989, such as changing the childs surname or removing him from the jurisdiction that requires the written consent of every person with parental responsibility. However, both Thorpe LJ and Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss P made clear that there is a small group of important decisions which should not be made by one parent, albeit with parental responsibility, in the absence of the agreement of the other. (Bridge 2000) The above case deals with not a life threatening situation for the time being and the court has not established whose right will prevail as it depends on the circumstances of each case. If the word ‘irreversible’ has any clue, the present case can have the analogy of the boy’s immediate death being irreversible in case of refusal to prolong the treatment. Besides, the father is in agreement with the doctors. Further, the glass case gives a hint that however much the doctors expected the boy would die, he survived in spite of heavy odds as the luck would have it. In Glass case also mother hoped the boy would survive which the court endorsed and awarded costs payable by the doctors. But then the doctors failed to demonstrate urgency of the palliative care. In the instant case, urgency is all the more evident in that the boy would die soon if the medication is stopped. On the other hand he would survive for another one year and who knows he may even survive longer as had happened in the case of Glass. In both cases the crucial issue was chances of survival of the child which court favoured though in case (Re J 1990), it expressed the view that treatment was not in the best interests of the patient. Hence it would be in the best interests of the medical profession, after referring to technical committee at the hospital, to seek court’s opinion for continuance or discontinuance of the treatment to Peter while at the same time continue with treatment until court’s orders are received. Guidance in paras 71 to 76 of GMC reinforces the conclusion that in case of conflict between parents or total refusal of persons with parental responsibility in unison, doctors would act in the best interests of the child to tide over the emergency by prolonging the child’s life and at the same time obtain court’s advice in the face of conflicting or defiant parents for further action. References Bridge Caroline Comment on Re J. April [2000] Fam Law 246. accessed 9 February 2008 cirp. org/library/legal/bridge1/ BMA, British Medical Association Guidance for decision making, Withholding and Withdrawing Life Prolonging Medical Treatment Devi v West Midlands RHA [1980] C. L. Y. 687 Jones Elias A. C and Samanta. J (2004) Glass v UK (Application No 61827/00) [2004] 1 FCR 553 The implications of the David Glass case for future clinical practice in the UK accessed 9 February 2008 http://adc. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/90/8/822 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech [1986] AC 112. GMC â€Å"Withholding and withdrawing life-prolonging treatments: Good practice in decision making† accessed 8 February 2008 gmc- uk. org/guidance/index. asp Hagger L. E {2004} The Human Rights Act 1998 and medical treatment: time for re- examination Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004; 89:460-463 accessed 9 February 2008 http://adc. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/89/5/460 M [1999] 2 FLR 1097 Re J (1990) UK Clinical Ethics Network accessed 9 February 2008 www. ethics-network. org. uk

Make a Vinegar Trap to Get Rid of Fruit Flies

Make a Vinegar Trap to Get Rid of Fruit Flies All it takes is one piece of rotting fruit, and you can find yourself with a maddening fruit fly infestation in your kitchen. Even if you throw out your produce and clean your kitchen, the fruit flies may persist. The best way to control fruit flies at this point is to get rid of the breeding adults. Making a simple vinegar trap is an effective and inexpensive way to catch and kill fruit flies that just wont go away. Fruit Flies Are Easy to Outsmart Fortunately, fruit flies arent very bright. The adults spend all their time focused on two goals: mating and laying eggs on rotting fruit. They use their sense of smell to find fermenting produce and will fly to their target with little regard for their own safety. Apple cider vinegar has just the right aroma of rotting fruit to attract their attention. Thats why a vinegar trap is so effective. The trap is designed to lure the fruit flies in and to prevent them from escaping. What Youll Need to Make a Vinegar Trap To make a vinegar trap for fruit flies, youll need just a few things (you probably already have most of them in your home): a glass or cupa plastic baggie large enough to fit over the glassa rubber bandscissorsapple cider vinegar How to Make a Vinegar Trap Pour a small amount- an inch or so- of apple cider vinegar into the glass. The cider vinegar has a nice, fruity aroma that fruit flies simply cannot resist.Using the scissors, snip the corner off the plastic baggie. This should create  a hole just large enough for fruit flies to pass through, but not so large that it will be easy for them to escape.Place the baggie over the glass, and position the hole youve cut over the center.Push the snipped corner down into the glass so the baggie forms a funnel in the glass  but doesnt touch the vinegar.Use the rubber band to secure the baggie to the glass. Alternatively, if you dont have a baggie or rubber bands, you can create your fly trap using paper and tape: Start the same way: pour a small amount- an inch or so- of apple cider vinegar into the glass. The cider vinegar has a nice, fruity aroma that fruit flies simply cannot resist.Curl the paper into a cone and tape it so that it doesnt lose its shape.Place the cone pointed side down in the jar (make sure it doesnt touch the vinegar).Tape the cone in place in the glass jar. How to Use Your Vinegar Trap Place your vinegar trap in the area where you see the most fruit flies- likely near your garbage, produce bins,  compost container, or any area with produce, organic waste, or standing water. If you have a heavy fruit fly infestation, you might want to make several vinegar traps, and place them in your kitchen and in other rooms where fruit flies are present. Fruit flies will fly into the glass, pass through the hole in the baggie, and become trapped in the glass. Within a few days, you should notice an accumulation of dead fruit flies floating in the vinegar. Empty the trap as needed, and refill it with fresh apple cider vinegar. A few well-placed vinegar traps, along with good housekeeping practices to discourage fruit flies, should get your infestation under control quickly. To make your vinegar trap even more effective, add a few drops of liquid dish soap to the vinegar. This lowers the surface tension of the liquid in the trap, so the fruit flies have a lower chance of escaping before they drown.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Assignment Example Specially mentioning, the above described â€Å"soft side† of project management would support in finding out the obstacles in order to attain desired project targets by a considerable level (Andersen, 2010). 2. It can be apparently observed that there are several reasons for which projects fail drastically. In this similar concern, the various reasons might encompass unrealistic anticipations, ineffective exploitation of valuable resources, deficiency in the engagement of the senior officials or the management team and the involvement of inexperienced as well as low-skilled project managers. In addition, the other reasons for the failure of projects may embrace indistinct project targets, shortage of visibility in the projects and most vitally communication gaps among others. In order to ensure that a particular project does not fail, it can be organized in various ways. In this similar concern, the imperative ways can be centralization of projects in a particular database, p resentation of valuable information in a centralized manner along with establishing clear communication with every individual involved in a project among others (West, n.d.). 3. After reading the article of Turner & et. al. (2009), it can be affirmed that the relatively low implementation rate of Gantt chart and Critical Path Method (CPM) diagrams in projects might reveal informal planning based activities of the companies and most vitally it is showing less significance to them in terms of value. This could impose unfavorable impacts especially upon the financial conditions of the companies by a certain degree. In this similar context, my organization broadly uses the aforementioned aspects as primary tools in order to manage as well as organize various individual projects, make effective planning and guide the organizational members towards the accomplishment of different tasks. My organization which deals with providing military services to the customers intend to perform various operational functions similar to that of a hi-tech company. In this regard, one of the disparities, which exists relates to facet of change control prevailing in my business or industry, while it does not exist in the hi-tech companies as mentioned in the article. Thus, it can be stated that the above discussed instruments must be incorporated in order to ensure better project management (Docstoc, 2011). 4. According to the article of Cavaleri & Reed (2008) concerning the difficulties of describing the interdependencies between tasks, it can be affirmed that defining the interdependencies between tasks is actually quite difficult owing to various significant reasons. In this regard, a few of the reasons might embrace deficiency in coordination while conducting various project related activities, unsupportive collaboration actions, ineffective coordination procedures and massive interdependency upon one another regarding the completion of the projects in a stipulated time period. It can be affirmed from a broader outlook that the difficulties of defining the interdependencies between tasks in terms of complexities owing to the above discuss

TPA6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TPA6 - Essay Example The recent past has seen the failure of major IT projects like the Queensland Department of Health Payroll System and the US Combat Support System. Among the reasons that cause such failures, is the exclusion of a project Champion in such projects. IT projects are associated with a substantial level of complexities in terms of complex system interfaces, scarcity of IT resources like machines that need to be shared, data conversion to compatible formats, and the ever changing technology that calls for the need to upgrade systems. Most Project Managers do not have a clear understanding of such needs or if they do, only try to solve them in a tight timeframe, and when everything has gone out of control. Thus, a Project Champion is essential at this point to develop the project’s scope, define the objectives and metrics of the project and provide an accurate specification of resources like hardware and software. In addition, a Project Champion actively supports the system’s architecture to stakeholders in an effort to provide a clear understanding of the various states the project is supposed to undergo. For instance, in case there is a change in the project’s implementation, or the hardware and software that were initially stated, most stakeholders and project managers end up being confused and filled with fear. In fact, they tend to understand change in what can be called a fragmented format, in that the change is not uniformly understood. The end results are inconsistent compliance, agitation and failure of the project. Thus, a Project Champion is needed, primarily to play a critical role in ensuring a swift transformation of changes through clarifying each and every step taken to avoid any misconceptions that might arise from the project managers, project team or the customer (Chakrabart, 1974). Most IT projects fail due to technological complexities and over-optimistic habit of project managers without having a clear

Nuclear Weapons & Cold War Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Weapons Cold War Essay 1) How did nuclear weapons affect the course of the cold war? The Cold War period of much conflict and tension was between the United States and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies, was from the middle of the1940s until the early part of the 1990s. The building up of nuclear weapons was maybe, the most important of the many arenas that the rivaling countries played in. It became known as the nuclear arms race or the â€Å"competition for supremacy† The discovery that uranium was a plenty around the world shortly after the second world ar, helped to solidify the nuclear monopoly held by both the United States and USSR. While the United States had their own resources for uranium, they soon discovered that Eastern Europe was providing a steady supply to the Soviets, until they could develop a source of their own. The United States, who had predicted that the USSR would not have any nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s, was massively surprised when the Soviets detonated their first bomb â€Å"Joe One† on August 29, 1949. It was much like the bomb that the US had dropped on Japan in 1945 nown as the â€Å"Fat Man†. From that point on both governments devoted massive amounts of money, time and resources to increasing their nuclear arsenals. First off, it was the hydrogen bombs and then next came the Intercontinental ballistic missile or â€Å"ICBMs† as they are known. And on Oct. 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the â€Å"Sputnik†, the US followed with their own on Oct. 31, 1959. During this period of innovation, the world became nervous and scared; they discovered just how vulnerable they were. Large underground bunkers were built to save the presidents and he leadership of the nations, individuals were encouraged to construct fallout shelters and they were often taught how to react in the case of a nuclear attack. When both sides realized that any attack upon the other would be suicide for themselves as well, a new policy know as the â€Å"Mutually Assured Destruction† was adapted, and this would, in theory restrain both sides from attacking one another. â€Å"The number of nuclear weapons held by the two superpowers during the Cold War increased drastically because of the need for a first strike and later a second strike force. The highest numbers of nuclear warheads held by these powers was approximately 12,000 for the USSR and 10,000 by the US. This many nuclear weapons has the potential to destroy life on earth more than 1,500 times over† http://www. pwc. k12. nf. ca/coldwar/plain/armsrace. html. And yet, both sides kept exploring and spending large amounts of money and resources on developing nuclear weapons. In many respects, the stockpiling of these weapons was by far the most important contribution made to the world during the cold war period, than any other resource added by any other country. 2) Why has the European Union found it so difficult to achieve political, social and economic integration amongst the member states?  Shortly after the Second World War at the University of Zurich, Winston Churchill gave a speech that called for a â€Å"United States of Europe† and the creation of a â€Å"Council of Europe†. This council became the oldest organization in favor of European integration since 1949. But, in spite all the enthusiasm of the European citizens, the Council’s idea of integration has struggled for many reasons. One of the main reasons is because at the same time as the evelopment of the council another â€Å"European Union† was being formed. This Union was made up of twenty-seven European countries. It was established as the European Economic Community in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome and has undergone many changes since, most notably in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty†. At first this Union was a welcome relief, growth and restructure was happening over night. The European Union was founded upon a number of treaties, and their laws cover a wide range of topics. Both, a legislative branch and the Parliament govern them. And the politics of he European Union primarily covered the economy. However, there is still a disagreement on how far the Union should expand. Because of the disagreement, the integration and expansion of the European Union has been slow since the end of the cold war period. Enlargement or expansion, together with the signing of new treaties, are seen by some as parallel processes, vital to the Union’s welfare. To many this is known as the bicycle theory. â€Å"The European Union is often compared to a bicycle: if it stops moving forwards it will fall over. The bicycle theory also applies to multilateral trade talks†. Bounds, Andrew (2007). Brussels blog: Bicycle wobbles on the way to Doha, Financial Times. And like most trade talks, both parties want to come out ahead in the end. Thus, the ongoing integration of the European Union and its member states are becoming contested on the grounds that it reduces it’s members national sovereignty too much. Politically, the Union struggles because neither they’re laws or their political theory offer the concept of a democracy. Their attitudes remain fixed by the idea of a nation state organization and its people. Socially, this makes them still behind the times. Economically, They struggle with the different economic and resource levels of each of the member states. All these along with the concept of Euroscepticism, or better known as the opposition to the process of European integration, the Union continues to move forward and yet has been forced to make changes to its policies. Amid the post war trauma, the European Union has become a beacon for organized political growth and upbringing. And today, in spite all the worldwide turmoil and confusion, The Union still spreads forth it’s hand in every effort to encourage global peace and umanitarian aid to its member states.  There is no set standard in the process of integration, but today there is a new focus on the complex policy making of the European Union. 3) What was `containment` and how did it influence US cold war thinking? The word containment means to isolate or to make stagnate. In the terms of the cold war, it refers to the foreign policies adapted by the United States under the direction of George Kennan. In the beginning, their policy was to stop all of the outside nations from moving politically towards Soviet Union communism and to ensure that the United States continued to ave, what they thought would be, the upper hand. For ideology as we have seen taught them that the outside world was hostile and that it was their duty to overthrow the political forces beyond their borders. (X[Kennan], Foreign Affairs, 1947). They hoped that ultimately in the end thecontainment policies would cause the fall of the Soviet Union and its ally nations. Back in the early days of history, containment was accomplished with the use of brute force or tactics much like an army taking over a castle and then came the use of treaties and political policies, thus being the cold war period. Today this is often accomplished by politically using severe sanctions, as in the United States’ dealings with Iraq and Iran. Espionage and sabotage are other ways of creating a containment among a group of people or nations. During the United States’ cold war containment period the policies adapted by President Truman experienced some major setbacks through the opposition of the Soviet Union, and by the Time the United States pulled out of the Vietnam war and the Koran conflict, there wasn’t mush credit given to the containment policies and ideas, anymore. So the United States started a new heory of â€Å"detente† or peaceful co-existence. Until the election of Ronald Reagan this was a believable concept. President Regan believed that the containment policies did not expand far enough, He felt uneasy about the weapons being held by the foreign nations. He wanted new missiles, placed in Europe to help the United States to become immune to the first strike concept. His new policies become highly controversial and very unpopular in many of the surrounding foreign countries. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed under the direction of Gorbachev and the wanted nd result of the original containment policy had been achieved, this marked the official close of that policy. All though, the US still keeps its military and missile bases in the areas around the former Soviet Union, â€Å"just to be on the safe side they say†, many events have effected the world and the current containment policies. As of 2005, the United States are listed as having at least 700 military bases around the world, like the ones in Iceland and Germany. Some up to date estimates suggest that the real number is much higher.

Living Life Like The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Living Life Like The Great Gatsby    Imagine that you live in the nineteen twenties, and that you are a very wealthy man that lives by himself in a manchine, on a lake and who throws parties every weekend.   This is just the beginning of   how to explain the way Jay Gatsby lived his life.   This novel, by F. Scott, Fitzgerald   is one that is very deep in thought.   Fitzgerald releases little clues along the way of the novel   that will be crusual to understand the ending.   For instance, he makes the blue coupe a very important clue, as well as the Dr. T. J. Eckleburg eyes on the billboard that Mr. Wilson (the gas station attendant ) refers to as the eyes of god.   There are also other little things that relate to the reason of gatsby's death.   The main character's of this novel each have their part to do with the ending, Nick Caraway is probably the main character of this novel, as he comes down from New Jersey to new York to visit his cousin Daisy, who is married to Tom Buchannan.   These are some of the incidents that are included in the novel as   you will read further I will relate some issues of the novel, as well as other critics have included their views on The Great Gatsby.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   F. Scott, Fitsgerald   was an American short story writer and novelist famous for his depictions of the Jazz Age(the 1920's), his most brilliant novel work being The Great Gatsby(1925). He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota on sept. 24, 1896   and died in Hollywood, California on December 21, 1940.   His private life, with his wife, Zelda, in both America and France, became almost as celebrated as his novels.   Fitsgerald was the only son of an aristocrat father, who was the author of the star spangle banner.   Fitzgerald spent most of time with his wife, latter in their relationship they moved to france where he began to write his most brilliant novel, The Great Gatsby.   All of his divided nature is in this novel, the native midwestener afir with the possibilities of   every Americans dream in it's hero, Jay Gatsby, and the compassionate princeton gentlemen in it's narrator, Nick Carraway.   The Great Gatsby is the most

Recording Product Value Added Tax

Nama:Fajar Suryanegara Program Studi:Ilmu Administrasi Fiskal Judul Skripsi:Tinjauan Terhadap Penetapan Dasar Pengenaan Pajak Nilai Lain Atas Produk Rekaman Skripsi ini membahas penetapan Nilai Lain sebagai Dasar Pengenaan Pengenaan Pajak atas produk rekaman ditinjau dari asas-asas pemungutan pajak produktivitas penerimaan, kepastian hukum, dan kesederhanaan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif analisis.Hasil penelitian ini jika ditinjau dari asas produktivitas penerimaan ketetapan ini menimbulkan potential loss bagi negara yang terlihat dari selisih PPN terutang antara harga pasar dengan harga jual rata-rata. Berdasarkan asas kepastian hukum ketetapan ini kurang memberikan kepastian hukum karena kesalahan penggunaan pasal 1 angka 17 Undang-undang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai. Akhirnya, berdasarkan asas kesederhanaan ketetapan ini sudah memberikan kesederhanaan baik bagi wajib pajak atau Direktorat Jenderal Perpajakan karena pajak hanya dibebankan pada sat u level pemungutan.Kata Kunci: Dasar Pengenaan Pajak, Produktivitas penerimaan, kepastian hukum, kesederhanaan. ABSTRACT Name:Fajar Suryanegara Study Program:Fiscal Administration Title:Review for The Other Value Tax Base Quotition of Recording Product The focus of this study is the quotition other value as tax base for recording product reviewed from revenue productivity, certainty and simplicity tax principle. This research is qualitative with descriptive analysist design.The result for this research reviewed from revenue productivity principle caused potential loss for our country which can be seen from the deviation between market price and average sale price. Based on certainty principle this quotation gives less certainty because the misinterpretation of article 1 number 17 Indonesian Value Added Tax law. Finally, based on simplicity principle this quotition has given simplicity whether for tax payer or Tax General Directorate because the imposition is levied only to one level . Key words: Tax Base, Revenue productivity, certainty, simplicity

Nickel and Dimed Essay

Blue collar jobs are decent means to earn a living.   However, upon reading Nickel and Dimed, a sad reality on the plight of the working poor or the low-wage workforce would wrenched anyone’s heart thinking that if this one is happening in America what will happen to the rest of the other world for instance the poorer countries or we may say the fourth world? The world look up at America’s prosperity but in reading the book of Ehrenreich somebody with a heart would say leave behind that job that enslave and find a living!   This can be easier said but in the true sense it is not the case.   The world we are in is a competition and harsh to people who have the misfortune of having the least opportunity. For this reason, a gesture of kindness or a smile for the working class would alleviate their misery and this is the least we can do or offer them.   Moreover, it is a thing every man should ponder, and to find ways and means to eradicate such meanness. Essay for question number 2 Affordable housing is always in locations called the inner city.   No low-wage worker can afford a prime location and these locations are normally the place where somebody could easily find a job.   Moreover, city planners and businesses cater to the public who have the highest purchasing power because that means business.   With these realities, one may say that the problem is difficult to solve. Habitat for Humanity offers affordable housing but to marginalize few, this international housing organization despite its efforts can not extend its arms to every body that will be in need for low-cost housing.   Many of the working class has a need for affordable housing but it is a bone wrecking effort to make both ends meet.   Probably the only remedy is to lower the living condition and live within the most viable limit.   Truly the best way for a poor person is to live a frugal and detached life and that is to live in a trailer house? Essay for question number 3 Color or hues, even if we say we live in a free country still matters not because it is the Americas but on the simple truth that man are judgmental, discriminating or simply out of touch to reality, greedy or just bent on maximizing their profits. The life of working person begins not in front of his or her job but in the home when she or he start pulling the laundry, wash the dishes or fetch a son or daughter in school.   These are domestic works which needs to be polished day in and out.   In fact, this daily duties is enough challenge to a single parent when he or she needs to battle his or her time from the job that is at hand.   Moreover, single parents do not receive much emotional backups and for this reasons are occasionally being construed by a society to be in need of help but are often are the ones most of the times victimized. Essay for question number 4 Low-wage workers are often times people because of poverty have low self-esteem and for some are rebels.   These workers find difficulty in asserting themselves.   Just imagine the torture of everyday, fighting for the lease of a life that seemed to becoming expensive everyday?   Mentally these are poor workers who have already despaired on their sad fate that since there is no choice left to live, these are just the guys who would shrug their shoulder and live until one can still swallow an air to breath. People who are bereft of a just wage are men marginalized in a materialistic society that lords over technology.   A hedonistic society that looks down on men who belongs to the working class and despised them as if they are not flesh and bones like the rest of the human race.   Every citizen has the right to a just wage, a safe working condition, and a job that could sustain not just the pocket but the heart and mind as well. However, some rights are often undermine by the lack of concern not only from the policy makers but also from the public itself when people patronized products that are cheap because it provides cheap labor to its workers.   Employees of ill-minded owners or greedy businesses should make a stand not to patronized products and services that belong to these suckers.   There is a call for genuine solidarity among employees so that demands will be laid in the most effective and orderly manner or strategy.   With Barbara,   one would say that a 6$ job is not enough â€Å"to compensate indignity† (Ehrenreich, 2000). References Ehrenreich, B. (2000). Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 29 February 2008, from http://www.henryholt.com/readingguides/ehrenreich.htm         

10 Critical Essay Topics on the Dangers of Antibiotics

10 Critical Essay Topics on the Dangers of Antibiotics Before you set everything up for writing a critical essay about antibiotics and their negative effects, you should make sure you know what you are talking about. Here are ten facts that will help you find your footing in this complicated topic. 1. Antibiotics Kill both Harmful and Useful Bacteria Indiscriminately Surely, antibiotics have saved the lives of millions of people by eliminating the pathogenic bacteria that are the cause of vast majority of infectious diseases. However, we should remember that human intestines naturally contain around 100 trillion bacteria that are not only useful but essential for our well-being. Using and especially overusing antibiotics may throw the delicate balance out of whack, causing a wide range of syndromes ranging from annoying to fatal. 2. Drug Resistance To put it simply, the more we use antibiotics, the more resistant bacteria grow. As a result, physicians are forced to prescribe either more potent and therefore toxic antibiotics, or larger doses of them. This both poisons the patient and makes the bacteria even more resistant to treatment. Today the world healthcare industry is growing more and more alarmed by the perspective of post-antibiotic world terrorized by â€Å"superbugs† – pathogens that are no longer treatable by antibiotics. 3. Fatal Diarrhea Cases in Children In most cases, a common cold is caused by viruses, not bacteria, which means that antibiotics are useless against it while still causing side effects. Recent CDC studies show that children given antibiotics to treat upper respiratory infections are far more susceptible to C. difficile – bacteria causing severe diarrhea, dehydration and, in extreme cases, death. This infection is quite dangerous as it is, but especially lethal for little children, and antibiotics may give it a greenlight. 4. Increase in Drug and Hospital Costs Let’s not forget about economic ramifications of the growing drug resistance in bacteria. As old antibiotics grow less efficient, a need arises in new, more potent drugs or alternative methods of treatment. These had to be researched, tested and put into production, which requires time and colossal amount of resources. As a result, treatment of a drug-resistant infection is not only more difficult, but longer and more expensive for the patient. 5. Powerful Side-Effects Even relatively harmless penicillin carries a number of dangerous and potentially lethal side-effects, the most important of which was severe allergic reaction that happens from 1 to 4 occasions per 10,000 administrations. More modern antibiotics can cause the same and much more. Macrolide antibiotics such as Azithromycin may cause arrhythmia and cardiac arrest, the same goes for quinolone antibiotics such as extremely popular Levaquin. Chloramphenicol sometimes causes severe aplastic anaemia, and it is just a drop in the ocean. 6. Antibiotics May Cause Weight Gain It is common knowledge that antibiotics promote weight gain in livestock, which is why food producers generally include them into the diets of their animals. Somehow, most people fail to extrapolate that they should have a similar effect on humans – and some recent studies indicate that it is really so. Children who were prescribed antibiotics seven or more times between the ages of 3 and 15 on average weigh about 3 pounds more than those who didn’t receive antibiotics. It is not clear why this happens; probably because antibiotics wipe out healthy bacteria living in the gut and change the way food is broken down and processed. 7. Development of Food and Other Allergies By changing the natural micro flora of human intestines, antibiotics can lead to the development of food allergies. Moreover, exposure to antibiotics at an early age leads to significantly increased risk of developing allergies in adult life. This becomes especially noticeable if one is subjected to more than 2 courses of antibiotics during the first year of life. Again, the reasons are unclear but possibly connected to the disruption of normal gut flora. 8. Antibiotics Ruin Our Immune System Humans have co-existed with bacteria for millions of years, and our immune systems have developed to keep infection at bay. By habitually dousing every small ailment with antibiotics, we suppress our own natural ability to fight off diseases. As a result, when one finally encounters a really dangerous disease, one’s natural immune system may turn out to be powerless to deal with it. 9. At Least Some Antibiotics Lead to Chronic Illness Although antibiotics are supposed to kill bacteria while leaving human cells intact, some studies show that it is not always the case. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as Levaquin, Cipro and Avelox have been discovered to deplete mitochondrial DNA, damage cellular lipids and cause massive amount of oxidative stress within the gut. In the long run, they lead to a long list of symptoms ranging from tendon rupture and peripheral neuropathy to psychiatric problems and extremely complex and unpleasant Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Syndrome. 10. Not Completing a Course of Antibiotics Is Worse than not Starting It at All If you’ve started a course of antibiotics, you should complete it. Otherwise the disease is likely to return, and this time it will be much harder to treat. It will be less likely to go away on its own accord, and will probably require another, more potent antibiotic to get rid of it. Of course, antibiotics save lives every day. However, the way we use them today is far from what they are intended for. By treating trivial illnesses with this potent medication we feed bacterial drug resistance, which is a much more real and universal danger to human race than terrorism or nuclear war. If you need to write a critical essay but don’t know how, have a look at these writing tips. But if you have problems particularly with selecting the best topic for your essay in this field, check out the prepared topics on the dangers of antibiotics. Spend a minute on looking and save hours of searching and brainstorming. References Andrews, K.T., G. Fisher, T.S. Skinner-Adams. â€Å"Drug Repurposing and Human Parasitic Protozoan Diseases.† International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 4.2: 95-111. Print Brannon, Shannon. â€Å"I’m on a Life or Death Warning due to Antibiotic Resistance†. The Guardian. Nov. 18 2015 Gardiner, Beth. â€Å"Taking on the Superbugs†. The New York Times. Oct. 19 2015 Tavernise, Sabrina. †White House Meeting Elicits Pledges to Reduce Antibiotic Use†. The New York Times. Jun. 2 2015 Tran, Mark. â€Å"’Last Resort’ Antibiotics Pose Growing Threat to Healthcare, Report Warns†. The Guardian. Nov. 16 2015 Stone, Judy. â€Å"Common Antibiotics Cause Arrhythmias, Death and Everything Else†. Forbes. Nov 9 2015 Visit our writing service to buy a critical essay online. You will get a superior-quality custom critical paper written from scratch!

Getting to Know the Pachycephalosaurus

Getting to Know the Pachycephalosaurus As befits a dinosaur named after its massive skull- which measured a whopping 10 inches thick on the front and forward side of its head- most of what we know about Pachycephalosaurus is based on skull specimens. Still, that hasnt kept paleontologists from making educated guesses about the rest of this dinosaurs anatomy: its believed that Pachycephalosaurus possessed a squat, thick trunk, five-fingered hands, and an upright, two-legged posture. This dinosaur has given its name to an entire breed of odd-looking boneheads, the pachycephalosaurs, other famous examples of which include Dracorex hogwartsia  (named in honor of the Harry Potter series) and Stygimoloch (aka the horned demon from the river of hell). Thick Skulls Why did Pachycephalosaurus, and other dinosaurs like it, have such thick skulls? As with most such anatomical quirks in the animal kingdom, the the most likely explanation is that the males of this genus (and possibly the females as well) evolved big skulls in order to head-butt each other for dominance within the herd and win the right to mate; they may also have gently, or not so gently, butted their heads against each others flanks, or even the flanks of menacing tyrannosaurs and raptors. The main argument against the head-butting theory: two half-ton Pachycephalosaurus males charging each other at top speed might have knocked themselves out cold, which would certainly not be an adaptive behavior from an evolutionary perspective!  (Whatever its ultimate purpose, Pachycephalosaurus block-shaped bean clearly didnt protect it from oblivion; this was one of the last dinosaurs on earth, in the late Cretaceous period, when a meteor impact 65 million years ago rendered the entire breed extinct.) As with another family of ornamented dinosaurs, the horned, frilled ceratopsians, theres a fair amount of confusion about pachycephalosaurs in general (and Pachycephalosaurus in particular) at the genus and species level. It may well be the case that many diagnosed genera of pachycephalosaurs actually represent the growth stages of already-named species; for example, both the above-mentioned Dracorex and Stygimoloch may well turn out to belong under the Pachycephalosaurus umbrella (which will no doubt be a major disappointment to Harry Potter fans!). Until we know more about how the skull of Pachycephalosaurus developed from hatchling to adult, this state of uncertainty is likely to persist. You might be amused to learn that, in addition to Pachycephalosaurus, there was also a dinosaur named Micropachycephalosaurus, which lived a few million years earlier (in Asia rather than North America) and was a couple of orders of magnitude smaller, only about two feet long and five or 10 pounds. Ironically, the tiny thick-headed lizard may have engaged in true head-butting behavior, since its tiny size would allow it to survive head-on impacts unscathed.

Discuss the benefits and environmental implications of applying Essay

Discuss the benefits and environmental implications of applying composts and other organic amendments to agricultural land - Essay Example These include sewage sludges, municipal solid wastes, urban yard refuses, food industry residues, wood processing wastes, and agricultural crop residues; these are produced in considerable quantities by the human community, particularly in urban, highly populated areas, state Senesi et al (1996). Besides their application to agricultural land after appropriate treatment, other alternatives for their disposal are incineration, land filling, and discharge to water bodies. However, the most environmentally safe and economically satisfactory solution is the application of composts and other organic amendments to agricultural land. â€Å"This choice also provides advantages which may result in soil fertility and agricultural production benefits† (Senesi et al, 1996, p.533). Organic wastes and residues of any nature require appropriate treatment before soil application. ... conomic benefits to agriculture, the measures to prevent adverse environmental outcomes, alternative options, and whether benefits outweigh negative effects will be examined. BENEFITS OF APPLYING COMPOSTS AND OTHER ORGANIC AMENDMENTS TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS The application of compost benefits the biological, chemical and physical properties of soil. Biologically, compost promotes the development of fauna and microflora, reduces plants’ susceptibility to attack by parasites, and supports the faster root development of plants. Chemically, compost has beneficial outcomes on soil in several ways. It â€Å"increases nutrient content, turns mineral substances in soil into forms available to plants, and regulates the addition of minerals to soil, particularly nitrogenous compounds† (EPA, 1994, p.87). Additionally, compost serves as a buffer in making minerals available to plants, and provides a source of micronutrients. Moreover, compost improves numerous physical characteristic s of the soil including the soil’s â€Å"texture, water retention capacity, infiltration, resistance to wind and water erosion, aeration capacity, and structural and temperature stability† (EPA, 1994, p.87). In Tigray Region of Ethiopia, the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development undertook since 1998 the production of compost as a part of its extension package. By 2007, at least 25% of the farmers were making and using compost. The success of this approach is emphasized by the doubling in the quantity of grain yield between 2003 and 2006, from 714 to 1,354 thousand tonnes. At the same time, since 1998, there has also been a steady decrease in the use of chemical fertiliser from 13.7 to 8.2 thousand tonnes (Asmelash, Araya, Egziabher et al, 2007, p.19). Other regions of Ethiopia are also promoting