Southwest Airline comprehensive external environment analysis Research Paper

Southwest Airline comprehensive external environment analysis - Research Paper Example Though the local political affairs are usually kept under control, there are numerous other issues that do not lie within the company’s hands. The perpetual rise in the fuel prices has always remained a major issue for Southwest. The unpredictable nature of the fuel prices is hugely attributed to several external factors which are usually not within the control of the company. The fuel prices are hugely driven by political agendas of the oil supplying nations and it may have varying results for the airline industry since oil is the major expenditure that an airline company has to endure in order to operate effectively and efficiently. Economic Factors The aviation industry within the United States of America has been a major contributor towards improving its country’s economy. According to a study issued by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in May 2012, the airline industry has almost contributed $669.5 billion (4.9%) to the U.S. economy. Of this amount , almost 31% was contributed by airlines, airports and airline concerned services. The current era in which Southwest operates, fuel is presumably the main issue for not only Southwest airline but the entire aviation industry. According to the financial statements of Southwest Airlines, oil and jet fuel prices have remained at around 37% of total operating expenses both in the year 2011 and 2012 (Investor Relations, 2012). Social Factors Travelling has remained an important aspect of people normal living and with the dynamism in the economy, commuting has increased rapidly during the last four to five decades. People who usually travel from one place to another would always want to travel with low cost, high quality service. Hence it may be argued that such services are, based on their cheapness, are usually available via rail or road transport but this issue may be reduced to a greater extent since Southwest operates a low cost airline service and people would prefer it considering the low cost which it offers. Ecological Factors Environment friendliness has always remained an important feature for Southwest Airlines. The company has always focused on purchasing fleets that are both cost efficient as well as environment friendly. In a bid to prove it environment friendly nature, the company ordered the purchase of almost 150 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft which it considers to be more environment friendly than its present aircrafts (Annual Report, 2011). Southwest also uses environmentally responsible products within its aircraft fleet in order to help providing better atmosphere for its customers. In order to display its commitment towards improving the environment, the company issued its â€Å"Southwest One Report†. The report addresses several ecological issues and also provides strategies which would be adopted by the company to help reduce environmental hazards (Annual Report, 2011). Technological Factors The aviation service industry is technology inten sive with an upward shift required at frequent intervals in order to remain competitive. Southwest Airlines has continuously kept up its foot on the accelerator with respect to technologically upgrading its services. The company has improved its website and its frequent flyer program in order to attract more customers. The company has also improved its fleets by providing Wi-Fi services to its

Organizing at Dell Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizing at Dell Computers - Essay Example In 2005, Dell Company was valued at over $ 100 billion, which was double the market value of HP and Apple (Edwards, 2009). Today, its market worth is less than 1/3 of the proportion that market rivals control with an estimated value of $ 30 billion. Dell has struggled to find its place back as a centre of technology. Michael Dell, the founder and owner of the company has undertaken radical measures to change its now sinking company. By identifying the challenges that led to the failures and counteracting them with positive reinforcements, Dell can transform his company back to its former glory. The company has faced stiff competition in the recent past. Their market presence has reduced drastically over the years since modern technology products engineered by their competitors have overtaken most of their merchandise. As such, it needs to improve by increasing their market presence within the global setting. This means adapting to new manufacturing processes that are client specific and addressing growth at the management level (Burrows, 2005). The company also experiences challenges pertaining to the slow purchase of its key products such as the personal computers in an already saturated market. A majority of the Personal Computers (PCs) in the United States are replaced by technological upgrade and development of new items. The company should focus on strengthening relationships with suppliers and product customization (Ricadela, 2009). Another challenge is strengthening the declining customer service. Indeed, Dell prides itself in superior customer service but it should strengthen and maintain their customer service and relation (Ricadela, 2009). The company should consider forming mergers with other strong companies. This will increase their capital base as well as expand their products variety. Merger of companies will offer a mutual benefit to both companies as

The four factors

The four factors Track 11 The four factors that influence natural selection are genetic variation, overproduction of offspring, struggle for existence, differential survival and reproduction. Natural selection says that the organism most fit for living in its environment, will be most likely to survive and reproduce passing on those good traits to their offspring. Eventually, there will only be organisms that have those good traits. People with one sickle cell gene will survive the disease and grow up to reproduce children with the gene. Just one person had the original mutation and that has caused most of Africa to now have that gene because that gene makes them more fit to survive in their environment. 3. 1. Data Table 2. Explain how the color of moths increases or decreases their chances of survival depending on the environment. In a sooty forest, the darker moths blended in more and were harder to spot by predators which gave them a higher chance of survival. In the lichen forest, the lighter moths blended in more giving them a higher chance of survival. 500 light colored moths and 500 dark colored moths are released into a polluted forest. After 2 days the moths were recaptured, make a prediction about the number of each type of moth that would be captured. About 7% of the dark moths will be captured and about 93% of the light moths will be captured. How has the striking change in coloration come about? (Include an explanation of how the dark moth appeared and how the proportion of dark moths changed from 0.0005% to more than 90% in polluted forests.) The dark coloration was an accidental genetic mutation but in that environment, it was more fit to survive so over time, there were much more dark colored moths. What underlying law of nature has produced this change? (Use Darwins theory of evolution and apply it to what you have learned in this investigation.) Natural selection produced this change. Fitness is not necessarily the fastest or the strongest, it is the best suited for the particular environment. In that sense, survival of the fittest is an accurate statement. The brown beetle may not be faster or stronger than the green beetle but it produces more offspring and in this case, that makes it more fit. If the green beetles tasted bad to predators then eventually, there would be no brown beetles left because the green beetles would have an advantage. They would be more fit for their environment which would give individual green beetles a better chance of surviving and reproducing than individual brown beetles. When a group of bacteria is attacked by an antibiotic, there may be an individual bacteria that has a genetic mutation allowing it to survive the attack. Since that individual survives, it can divide and all of its offspring will have that same genetic mutation. Eventually all of the bacteria will be immune to the antibiotic. Microevolution happens on a small scale with individual populations. Macroevolution happens on a large scale creating many different species from one original. Organisms that reproduce through asexual means create offspring that have exact copies of their own DNA. Their offspring are perfect clones of the mothers. Sexual reproduction is time consuming, and mothers only get to contribute half of their genes. This makes asexual reproduction look better but in reality it isnt. Asexually reproducing species stopped evolving when they became asexual because there is no genetic mutation or variation (offspring are clones of parents). This leaves them susceptible to things like diseases. Since they cant evolve, their species cant become immune to diseases, which causes their species to become extinct.

Nickel Metal Hydrive Battery For Electric Vehicles :: essays research papers

Electric vehicles can benefit us in many ways. Comparing with the internal combustion engine, EVs don’t cause pollution when operating. They can run in a long period of time. Economically, because these vehicles using battery, they reduce the oil import and the imbalance trading in the US and also the users save a lot of money. The cells used for these vehicles are called Nickel metal hydride battery which are very high power, long life, quick charge and easy to maintain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CELL REACTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The NiMH battery stores hydrogen as a reaction product in the solid phase. The anode electrode contain hydrogen material that can allow electrochemical storage and release of hydrogen during charge and discharge. The cathode electrode is reversible between Ni(OH)2 and nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH). At both electrode, oxidation-reduction reactions take place in an alkaline medium consisting of 30% by weight KOH in water. When charging, Ni(OH)2 at the positive electrode becomes oxidized and the metal hydride becomes reduced. In fact, the hydrogen which was separated from water come to react with the metal in the negative electrode to form MH. On the other hand, the hydroxyl ion ( from water) reacts with Ni(OH)2 at the positive electrode to form NiOOH. Ni now change from +2 to +3. M + H2O + e = MH + OH Ni(OH)2 +OH = NiOOH + H2O + e   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From equation (1) and (2) there is no net change in electrolyte quantity or concentration over the charge and discharge cycle. We can see that it is different from other alkaline electrode such as NiCd which water is produced at both electrode during charge and used up during discharge. In the NiMH battery, the constant average concentration can reduce the corrosion and swelling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATERIAL REQUIRED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because the NiMH battery need to store a large amount of hydrogen to produce high energy, it is desirable to have high electrode capacity. Importantly, in the desire of MH, the range of metal to hydrogen bond strengths must be from 6 to 12 kcal /mol. If the bond strength is too weak, hydrogen will not react with the alloys and will be evaporate as a gas. If the bond strength is too large, the MH electrode becomes oxidized and does not store hydrogen reversibly. Furthermore, the power output of the battery depend on the electrochemical kinetics and transport processes which are involved in the use of the hydride material.

Capital Punishment: Death Penalty Essay

The word â€Å"Death† itself scares a lot of people, but to get death penalty as one of their punishments sounds really terrifying and grows lots of questions and opinions. Death Penalty has been one of the most controversial social matters, since the early colonization period, in the United States. Whether it serves as a justified form of capital punishment or takes innocent peoples life, death penalty has continually produced a steaming debate. Death Penalty has a long history, starting the eighteen century B.C., when the first death penalty was established during the Babylon era (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). But, death penalty was already carried out during the early fourteenth century and the seventh century. During this time period, death penalty was the answer to all the crimes committed. Several methods of death penalty during the early century were beating to death, execution, burning alive, drowning and etc. (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012) . It was the most usual form of punishment that had no laws or regulations placed on them. Britain’s Colonization in the United States in the 1600’s brought several changes as well as the idea of death penalty. Death penalty was one of the most practiced forms of punishment during the colonization period. Captain Kendall, from Jamestown colony in Virginia was the first one to be executed in early 1600 (ACKER, 2003). Many believed that captain Kendall was a spy for Spain. During the Colonial Period, death penalty was implemented for minor offenses such as stealing, killing chickens and etc. As history explains how effective the death penalty was carried out, today’s society reflects a different perspective and mixed opinions about the issue of death penalty. The issue of death penalty reveals both positive and negative perception. Some extremist still believe that death penalty remains an effective method of punishment, whereas many other argue that it is immoral, u nconstitutional, expensive and doesn’t deter the crime. Extremist supportive of capital punishment might argue that death penalty is the only answer to higher offenses such as murder, rape and such. Likewise someone against the idea of capital punishment might think it is immoral to execute someone and to take someone’s life for the crime they did is not rational.  This argument will always keep on moving and we will never reach a definite opinion, where death penalty is still carried out in our country. Britain’s colonization introduced the idea of death penalty to Americans, but during the late 18th century, many Americans began to question whether the death penalty should still be imposed on minor crimes such as stealing, burglary. The colonies also found influential opinions in newspapers and other writings about death penalty. Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishment in 1764 influenced many Europeans and Americans (Banner, 2003). The essay brought positive attributes about the death penalty towards the Americans and changed they mentality towards the death penalty. As a result, several European nations abolish death penalty. American intellect uals such as Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin were also influenced by the writing of Beccaria. The executed the ideas mentioned in the writing and implemented several laws and regulation on death penalty. Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish death penalty for robbery, burglary and killing of animals (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Several years later, Pennsylvania also cancelled death penalty for every other offense except first degree murder. The abolishment movement in Pennsylvania led to several states to reconsider capital punishment. In 1846, Michigan, Rhode Island and Wisconsin abolished the death penalty for all crimes, except treason (Bohm, 1999). American abolition movement was gaining major support during the late eighteenth century, but there were several other states, still practicing capital punishment and implementing more capital offenses, especially for the slaves. During the movement, nine states abolished the death penalty for all crimes or placed strict limitation on it. (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012) The early and mid-nineteenth century saw decline in American abolition movement due to World War 1. During this period, there was a rise of Russian Revolution and Fascism. Americans were more worried about the threat of Russian Revolution and had just entered the war. The war created a social class conflicts, as many socialist were more worried about the challenge to capitalism. Due to the increasing revolution in Russian and capitalism, several states reinstated the death penalty by 1920 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). In 1924, Nevada introduced the use of cyanide gas to execute its inmate. Gee Jon was the first person executed by lethal gas (Center, History  of the Death Penalty, 2012). During the 1930’s execution rate hit its highest peak in American History, averaging 167 a year (Bohm, 1999). After the war and revolution, many European nations abolished the death penalty and as a result, Americans diverted their attentions towards capital punishment. In 1966, support for capital punishment reached an all-time low. A Gallup poll showed support for the death penalty at only 42% (Bohm, 1999). There have been a numerous cases regarding death penalty, which has contributed enormously, on how death penalty is viewed constitutionally in the Supreme Court. The first Supreme Court case was a case about federal kidnapping statue requiring that the death penalty be imposed only upon a recommendation of a jury. It was a case between U.S. v. Jackson in 1968, where the court held that this practice was unconstitutional (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Similarly, one of the most landmark cases in death penalty history was a case between. Where the Supreme Court effectively voids 40 death penalty cases and suspends the death penalty in June, 1972. Years later, there were lots of talks about, how Furman v. Georgia states that only specific death penalty was unconstitutional (Union, 2011). After much debate, the U.S. Supreme Court ope ns the door to states to rewrite their death penalty statue. Many states started writing a sentencing guideline for the judge and jury when deciding whether to impose death penalty. The Supreme Court approved most of the guidelines in 1976 in Gregg v. Georgia and reinstated death penalty in Florida, Georgia and Texas (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Several other cases have laid a foundation for death penalty laws and statue. In Ford v. Wainwright (1986), the Supreme Court stated that execution of an insane, mentally challenged person is unconstitutional therefore this practice was banned (Union, 2011). Likewise, another case of Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988) stated that execution of offenders age fifteen and younger at the time of other crimes is unconstitutional (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Since its re-instatement to the constitution, there have been quite a few states pushing to end capital punishment. New York’s death penalty law was declared unconstitutional by the state’s high court in June 2004 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Also, New Jersey became the first state to legislatively abolish capital punishment since it was re-instated in 1976 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Even though, the Supreme Court  states that the death penalty is constitutional under certain circumstances, many states have all the rights to rewrite their death penalty law. To every issue, we always come up with an argument or sometimes we agree with the decision we make. Likewise, we might have majority of people stating that the death penalty is constitutional and will deter crime in a long run. But, many people believe that death penalty isn’t that answer to deter crime and it’s unconstitutional to someone’s life. We have had lots of statistics and useful information, which supports both arguments. Since, reinstating the death penalty, many have argued that the death penalty kills innocent people. Many people believe that the criminal justice system and the legal procedure system of this country aren’t effective enough. According to ACLU, â€Å"Since 1973, 138 death row prisoners have been released because they were innocent.† That number s ounds really excruciating and explains how death penalty is really not the answer. At least 10 people have been executed since 1976, even though they were innocent. Much has to do with wrongful evidence, false confession, mistaken eyewitness and such, American Civil Liberties Union explains that death penalty is racially biased and punishes the poor. Most defendants are poor and cannot afford qualified attorney to oversee their case. As a result, the defendant pleads guilty, thinking it would get them out of death penalty. Many believe that death penalty is much more expensive that life without parole because death penalty requires long and complex judicial process. According to NBER, the extra cost of capital trials was &1.6 million from 1982-1997. The recent study by the Urban Institute predicted that the lifetime cost to taxpayers for the capitally prosecuted cases in Maryland since 1978 will be $186 million (Costs of the Death Penalty, 2011). Since the state reinstated the death penalty, there have been five executions taken place. Mathematically, the cost of every execution was about $32 million. As the numbers explain how death penalty is much more expensive, that amount could have been utilized in different sectors of infrastructure rather than death penalty. California is another state with higher death penalty cost. Since 1978, the average cost of death penalty in California has been over $4 billion (Ellis, 2011). California’s Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice reported that out of the $4 billion, pretrial and trails cost about $1.94 billion and the cost of incarceration is $1 billion. California has conducted 1.940 capital  cases, with every case estimated to be around $1 million (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). There has been numerous capital cases in New Jersey resulted in death penalty. Since the state reinstated the death penalty in 1982, it has spent #253.3 million in death penalty cases. Besides Maryland, California and New Jersey, other states such as Kansas estimated that the cost of death penalty case in 70% more than comparable non-death penalty case (Costs of the Death Penalty, 2011). When it comes to execution, every inmate on a death row is offered to pick their choice of execution. There is no limit placed on type of execution that can be performed with lethal injection to firing squad. Electrocution, gas chamber and hanging are other three methods of execution offered to an inmate depending on the state’s legation. New York was the first state to consider lethal injection in 1888 (Stewart, 2011). Today about 35 states use this method of execution. During lethal injection, the inmate is injected with sodium thiopental, which puts inmate to sleep. Next, Pancuronium bromide is injected which paralyzes the entire muscular system and the inmate stops breathing. Finally, the flow of potassium chloride stops breathing. Charles Brooks of New York was the first person to be executed by lethal injection. After the invention of lethal injection, New York wanted to introduce something more humane to execute the inmate. As a result, Electrocution was introduced by New York in 1888 and years later executed William Kemmler in 1890 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). The electric chair execution requires the person to be seated in the chair with belts around his chest, legs and arms. A metal skullcap electrode is attached to the scalp and forehead. After every tool has been connected to the person, a jolt of between 50 and 200 volts is given to the person. This process continues until the person is dead. Today, only Nebraska uses electric chair as the sole method of execution, while 9 other states provide as an alternative method (Stewart, 2011). Another method of execution is the gas chamber, which was introduced in 1924 in Nevada (ACKER, 2003). For execution by this method, the person is tied to a chair in a chamber. As instructed, the executioner flicks a leveler that releases crystals of sodium cyanide into the pail, situated below the chair. This causes a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen cyanide gas. Arizona, California, Missouri and Wyoming currently authorizes gas chamber as a method of  execution. In recent history only two inmates have been executed by firing squad, both in Utah: Gary Gilmore (1977) and John Albert Taylor (1996) (Stewart, 2011). Depending upon the choice of the inmate, only 3 states, Idaho, Utah and Oklahoma currently use Firing squad a method of execution. For this type of execution, the inmate is placed on a chair with belts around him and a black hood to cover his head. A doctor marks a white target spot around his heart, where the executioner from 20 feet away tries to aim the spot, resulting in execution of the inmate. Hanging was the primary method of execution used in the United States and is still used in Delaware and Washington, although both have lethal injection as an alternative method of execution (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Before the execution, the prisoner’s hands and legs are secured, and the prisoner is blindfolded, and the noose is placed around the neck, with the knot behind the left ear. The execution takes place when the trap door is opened and the prisoner falls down. The prisoner’s weight should cause a rapid fracture-dislocation of the neck. Currently, Delaware, New Hampshire and Washington are the only three states still using hanging as a method of execution, alternative to lethal injection, depending upon the choice of the inmate (Stewart, 2011). Compared to the early eighteenth and nineteenth century, death penalty is still practiced in the United States but the public support is diminishing. A majority of the U.S. public now prefers alternatives over the death penalty as the best punishment for the crime of murder. Compared to 98 execution in 1999 and 37 in 2008, executions have declined as well. In 2010, there were only 46 executions and 43 in 2011 (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). Death sentences have also declined sharply since 1990’s. There were only 78 death sentences in 2011, a decline of about 75%, compared to 315 death sentences in 1996.Compared to 47 death sentences in 1999; Texas had a massive drop to only 8 death sentences in 2011. California, the state with the largest death row had more than half death sentences this year- only 10 compared with 24 in 2010 (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). According to Gallup poll in 2011, 61% of the total population favors death  penalty. Even though, more than half of the citizens think death penalty should be continued, there have been continuous developments in the banning of capital punishment (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Many states are trying to replace death penalty with other form of punishment. In March 2009, Governor Bill Richardson signed legislation to abolish the death penalty in New Mexico, replacing it with life without parole. Two years later, Governor Pat Quinn from Illinois also signed legislation in March 2011, replacing death penalty with life without parole (ACKER, 2003). Also four other states in the past four years have already abandoned the death penalty altogether. Personally, the death penalty law in the United States should be abolished, in consideration to its expensive cost and wrong convictions to innocent person. Abolishing death penalty or replacing it with other punishment would only bring positive incentives to the community. Resources spent on death penalty can be used to expand the resources available for education, rehabilitation program, and drug treatment program and crime prevention. The death penalty is a scary theory for a lot of Americans. People who are convicted of crimes they have not committed have always shown in large numbers. That is why people feel that morally, the death penalty is too harsh, even if you find new evidence in a crime, and are able to free a wrongly convicted person, if you use the death penalty, then you can just bring that person back to life. Like all other politically debated topics, it is difficult to find a middle ground for people to rely upon. As for today, states are making it more and more difficult to keep the death penalty instated. Bibliography Costs of the Death Penalty. (2011). Retrieved from Death Penalty Information Center: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/costs-death-penalty ACKER, J. R. (2003). THE DEATH PENALTY: AN AMERICAN HISTORY. Retrieved 2012, from The University of Hawaii System: http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The%20Death%20Penalty%20%20An%20American%20History.pdf Banner, S. (2003). The Death Penalty: An American History. Harvard University Press. Bohm, R. M. (1999). Deathquest:an introduction to the theory and practice of capital punishment in the United States. Anderson Publication Company. Center, D. P. (2011, December). THE DEATH PENALTY IN

Sand Casting Techniques

MME 3210 Materials Processing Techniques Laboratory Assignment – Sand Casting of an Aluminium 13wt% Silicon Alloy 1) Process Attributes Waste shown yellow* Waste shown yellow* After taking part in the sand casting laboratory session it was made clear that the process possessed many advantages and disadvantage, both from the process itself and from the final part produced. Observing the process step by step it was noted that the tasks carried out by the operator were not very difficult (i. e compacting sand, pouring liquid metal) and so giving the advantage of only requiring a low skill level.However, although the process did not involve a large amount of skill it was observed to be very labour intensive and took a long time to complete one cycle of the process (around 30mins). Having a long cycle time is clearly a disadvantage as time is money in the manufacturing industry but this could be slightly reduced if multiple moulds were prepared simultaneously. Another advantage obs erved during the sand casting procedure was that the equipment used was not very expensive and unlike other casting processes the mould was reusable.With only a low capital investment needed this would make short production runs viable. Probably the most noticeable disadvantage to the sand casting method was the low material utilization. In the labs example (seen left), almost a third of the material used is lost to the riser, runners and feeder. Particularly in today’s waste conscious culture this can cause many problems, however it can be tackled by better design. 2) Process Problems Shrinkage: Shrinkage defects in the final product are usually the result of a feeding defect.As shrinkage naturally occurs during the solidification process, if liquid metal is not sufficiently fed through the feeding system to compensate then it will result in an indented surface. The surface defect was clearly shown in the lab example (shown left). A shrinkage defect normally occurs on the la st part to solidify, so logically in the labs case the shrinkage occurred on the surface of the thickest part Furthermore the big defect problem of a surface sink was observed in the sand casting lab session (shown left).A sink such as this would give major dimensional inaccuracies and would probably have to be redone as it would be unsuitable and uneconomical for further processing. Solution: One way in which an engineer could reduce the effects of shrinkage is to design the mould to compensate for the shrinkage during solidification (i. e making the mould larger). Also due to shrinkage being mainly associated in being a feeding problem, the redesign of the feeding system would reduce the set back. Making the feeding sprue thicker would ensure that the system continues to feed liquid metal to the cavity, thus preventing shrinkage.Furthermore utilizing a uniform part thickness would also tackle the problem reducing residue stresses and leading to uniform cooling. Rough Surface Textu re: The defect causes an undesirable distorted surface finish and is formed due to the texture created from the compacted sand used to create the mould cavity. The effect was observed in the part created from the lab session and can be seen right. Solution: The rough surface effects created from the mould sand can be significantly reduced by using sand with very small grain size.Particularly for the face sand which lines the surface of the mould cavity, if the grains used are very fine then surface finish will be improved dramatically. Porosity: The defect of porosity occurs because of the liquid metal used to create the part can hold large amounts of dissolved gasses. As the liquid metal solidifies, the materials new solid form can no longer hold these gasses and so they form bubbles. These bubbles can be generated both on the surface of the material and internally, thus they effect the strength of the materials solid form and resulting in a decrease in mechanical properties.Effect s of porosity shown above* Effects of porosity shown above* In the lab example holes were added in the sand to allow gas and moisture to escape, however effects of porosity were still clearly visible. Solution: The solution to eliminating the undesirable effects of porosity is based around minimizing the amount of gas that is in the liquid metal. One way in which gas inclusion to the liquid metal can be reduced is to minimize the effects of turbulence experienced during the filling process.Similarly to solving the problem of shrinkage, this can be solved by redesigning the filling system. The design used in the lab example used the bad design set up. With the sprue placed at the top of the mould cavity, the liquid metal flows fast splashing in to the mould cavity below and resulting in turbulence and gas inclusions. If the good design set up is implemented then the liquid metal will flow slower and because runner is fed into bottom of the mould cavity with several gates, splashing w ill be significantly reduced, turbulence minimised and inclusion of gasses eliminated.Good design Good design Bad design Bad design 3) Advantages for using Aluminium – Silicon alloy having 13wt% Si: * Aluminium alloys supply reasonably high tensile strength in relation to density, compared with other alloys such as cast steel. * Corrosion resistant in normal environment. * High fluidity of composite melt provides easy transfer and pouring of material to mould (demonstrated in lab shown below). * Utilizes a Eutectic system, reducing defects such as porosity. * Silicon within eutectic results in: Increased corrosion and wear resistance. * Reduced thermal expansion coefficient. * Improved casting and machining characteristics. *Increasing silicon content within alloy will magnify these properties accordingly * Different Al and Si within Eutectic act as a hindrance to dislocation movement. * On part completion, alloy material can be easily polished and painted for an aestheticall y pleasing surface finish. 4) Nucleation Solidification does not happen instantaneously but occurs by a process of nucleation and growth.All pure crystalline solids have a given melting temperature (Tm), although when above this temperature the material will be in a stable liquid state, if cooled to a temperature equal to Tm then the material will start to crystalize. This usually involves some degree of undercooling for crystal nuclei to form. Free Energy Of system Free Energy Of system From the graph above it can be seen that by increasing the undercooling ? T, the free energy also increases ? G. Gets steeper as T is decreased Gets steeper as T is decreased There are different types of nucleation, homogeneous and heterogeneous.Although homogeneous almost never occurs in real life it can be used to build a model of the more realistic heterogeneous nucleation. Heterogeneous occurs on an existing nucleant but unlike homogeneous the nucleated cap is a solid rather than a sphere, thus less atoms are required. Process usually requires liquid to wet the nucleant surface. Growth For growth to be sustained, the temperature of the melt must be less than the melting point. The speed in which growth occurs can be controlled by the amount of undercooling applied, with a large amount of undercooling resulting in rapid growth.In addition the growth also depends on how fast latent heat is removed during crystallization. Both these aspects contribute to the temperature gradient of the melt which affect crystal formation. Constitutional Undercooling Usually caused by non-equilibrium concentration gradient, constitutional undercooling is more likely to be found in alloy casting rather than in pure materials. Seen in the diagram right, the amount of constitutional has a large impact on the type of crystal growth. Looking at the solidification of Al 13% Si, it would be expected to solidify under eutectic solidification.Due the fact that it is a composition of two materials, alum inium and silicon, and that during the lab the material solidified at a single temperature (room temperature). Furthermore it also provides the lowest melting temperature for the materials used. This is an energy savings in a production area. 5) From the many defects created during the creation of the lab example part it was clear that something in the process needed to be changed in order to produce a part of a more acceptable quality.As highlighted earlier, a main area for improvement was with the method of delivering the liquid material to the mould, particularly focusing on the design of the feeder. The current feeder design used is very basic and can be seen right. The set up uses a thick single vertical cylindrical shaft with a very small taper, delivering liquid metal directly to the cavity via a single runner. Concentrating on feeder design, one way in which defects can be reduced is by supplying the cavity with a smooth constant volume of flow.As the current feeder is very thick, the material is delivered very fast to one area of the cavity causing turbulence and inclusion of unwanted gas. This undesired effect could be minimized by changing the set up of having one large feeder to possibly 3 smaller ones. The use of multiple feeders would allow a more evenly distributed and constant metal flow. In addition the angle of taper could be increased to assist constant volume flow. Cavity Cavity Multiple feeders Multiple feeders Each of the feeders used should be reduced in thickness as much as possible, still maintaining the desired flow rate.This is important as although deliverance of material is critical, the amount of waste material must be reduced as much as possible. Although only visual inspection was applied to the produced lab part, if it was discovered that the defects main cause was that of impurities within the solidified material than the Cosworth ‘’upward fill’’ system could be employed. Due to its upward fill the p rocess eliminates the problem of impurities within the liquid melt and impurities that sink or float are discarded. References http://www. acetake. com http://www. rheocast. com www. electrochemsci. org/papers/vol4

Data Mining and Automated Procedures in Business

Data Mining and Automated Procedures in Business Free Online Research Papers In today’s business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for four main tasks: (1) to improve the process of making new customers and retaining customers; (2) to reduce fraud; (3) to identify internal wastefulness and deal with that wastefulness in operations, and (4) to chart unexplored areas of the internet (Cavoukian). The fulfillment of these tasks can be enhanced if appropriate data has been collected and if that data is stored in a data warehouse. According to Stanford University, A Data Warehouse is a repository of integrated information, available for queries and analysis. Data and information are extracted from heterogeneous sources as they are generated.This makes it much easier and more efficient to run queries over data that originally came from different sources. When data about an organization’s practices is easier to access, it becomes more economical to mine. â€Å"Without the pool of validated and scrubbed data that a data warehouse provides, the data mining process requires considerabl e additional effort to pre-process the data† (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to â€Å"mine† the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks are physical cellular systems which can acquire, store, and utilize experiential knowledge (Zurada). Neural networks offer a way to efficiently model large and complex problems. Decision trees are diagrams used for making decisions in business or computer programming. Branches are used to represent choices with associated risks, costs, results, or probabilities. Rule induction is a way of deriving a set of rules to classify cases (Two Crows). These set of rules differ from those in a decision tree in that they are independent from one another. Boosting is a technique in which multiple random samples of data are taken and a classification model for each set of data is made (Two Crows). The genetic algorithm is a model of machine learning, whose behavior is based on the processes of evolution in nature. Populations of data are resented by chromosomes and then go through a process of evolution. The members of one set of data compete to pass on their most favorable characteristics to the next generation of data. This process continues until the best data is found. Many of the models and algorithms used in data mining are simplifications of the linear regression model. Data Mining is largely, if not entirely used for business purposes. The highest users of data mining include banking, financial, and telecommunications industries (Two Crows). A survey taken by Two Crows Corporation turned up these applications of data mining:  · Ad revenue forecasting  · Churn (turnover) management  · Claims processing  · Credit risk analysis  · Cross-marketing  · Customer profiling  · Customer retention  · Electronic commerce  · Exception reports  · Food-service menu analysis  · Fraud detection  · Government policy setting  · Hiring profiles  · Market basket analysis  · Medical management  · Member enrollment  · New product development  · Pharmaceutical research  · Process control  · Quality control  · Shelf management/store management  · Student recruiting and retention  · Targeted marketing  · Warranty analysis Data mining will have a different effect on different industries in the business world. In the telecommunications industry, for example, in order to retain or build market share and expand or develop new products and services, service providers will have to make the necessary adaptations and changes that the industry and pace setting technology requires. â€Å"The most successful telecommunications companies will, of course, be the ones who can develop and market products and services that customers will buy,† says Julian Kulkarni, SAS institute Europe’s Product Marketing Coordinator for telecommunications. â€Å"But high customer churn rates in telcom markets show that you cannot depend on customer loyalty. To thrive, companies must know their customers, their products, their own operations, and the competition better.† The key to succeeding in this rapidly changing industry is to understand the customer, or the market that the customer represents. Through data mining, telecommunications companies can know what their customers have done in the past and what they will do in the future. With this information, the companies will be in ideal positions to make business decisions based on the information they have gained from the data mining process. Other real world examples of data mining include:  · Targeting a set of consumers who are most likely to respond to a direct mail campaign  · Predicting the probability of default for consumer loan applications  · Predicting audience share for television programs  · Predicting the probability that a cancer patient will respond to radiation therapy  · Predicting the probability that an offshore oil well is actually going to produce oil There are many computer applications on the market to assist businesses in the data mining process. The applicability of these programs can accommodate the various uses of data mining. Software titles include AC2, ALICE dIsoft, AutoClass C, C5.0 (See5), Clementine, Data Surveyor, DataDetective, DataEngine, Datasage, DataScope, DataX(tm), DbBridge, dbProbe, dbProphet, Explora, IBM Visualization Data Explorer, INLEN, IRIS, IXL IDIS software, LEVEL5 Quest, MineSet (SGI), ModelQuest MarketMiner, Nuggets(TM), Partek, PolyAnalyst, PV-WAVE, SE-Learn, Sipina-W v2.0 Sipina-Pro, Snob, SPSS Data Mining Software, The Data Mining Suite, Thinkbases Data Mining Product, TiMBL (Tilburg Memory Based Learner), Tooldiag, WINROSA, WinViz, WizWhy, XmdvTool, and XpertRule. Bibliography Cavoukian, Ann, Ph.D. â€Å"Data Mining: Staking a Claim on Your Privacy.† Jan. 1998 Pryke, Andy. â€Å"The Data Mine.† 23 Sep. 1998 SAS Institute Inc. â€Å"Data Mining.† 12 Jan. 2000 Two Crows Co. â€Å"Introduction to Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery.† 1999 Zurada, J.M. (1992), Introduction To Artificial Neural Systems, Boston: PWS Publishing Company, p. xv: Word Count: 1676 Research Papers on Data Mining and Automated Procedures in BusinessIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

How does an increased surface area change the time taken for a mass to fall Essays

How does an increased surface area change the time taken for a mass to fall Essays How does an increased surface area change the time taken for a mass to fall Essay How does an increased surface area change the time taken for a mass to fall Essay The aim of this investigation is to find out how the change in surface area changes the time for a mass to fall at certain heights.To do this, I am going to use a large cup cake as a mass with a large surface area and a small cup to be the mass with a small surface area. They are going to both be the same mass to make this a fair test. The cup cakes are dropped at given heights and the time period will be the tine taken for it to reach the ground from when it starts to fall. With this, we can look at the times to see what affects the change in surface area has with a given mass.In my preliminary experiment, I am going to determine what mass is going to used, the minimum and maximum heights at which the cup cakes are going to be dropped for both and create a graph of the range of results to approximately know what range of results I should come up with when I am actually doing the experiment. The graph will determine what generally happens whilst the cup cakes fall and will show the a ffects that the different surface area has on them.Preliminary Work showing which variables we can study.Height (cm)Large cup cake Time to fall (seconds)Small cup cake Time to fall (seconds)123Average123Average600.650.750.630.680.480.590.580.55801.091.031.041.050.700.800.750.751051.231.251.291.260.900.870.890.891301.911.441.431.590.971.040.981.001551.561.651.711.641.091.001.101.061651.641.691.691.671.101.401.081.191751.641.711.751.701.011.071.011.031851.911.952.011.961.081.041.101.072002.112.052.092.081.151.211.211.19From this preliminary experiment, I have determined the minimum and maximum height at which the cup cakes are going to be dropped from and the mass of both cup cakes. It seems from these results; the higher the cup cakes are dropped at, the longer the time for it to reach the ground. The results seem reasonable at the mass we did this experiment at which was 0.33g. With this mass, it seems that it did not drop too fast or too slow. From looking at my preliminary resu lts, I have come up with my final variables:Maximum height = 260.00cmMinimum height =50.00cmMass of cup cake = 0.33g (for both cup cakes to make fair test)PredictionMy prediction is that the larger the surface area is, the longer the time will be taken for the mass to reach the ground. Also the object will accelerate until it reaches a constant velocity, where it will drop at approximately (with experimental error) the same velocity but this constant velocity will change for both cup cakes due to the its surface area. The larger cup cake with the larger surface area will drop with a slower constant velocity so therefore it will reach the floor in longer time periods. The small cup cake with the smaller surface area will reach the floor in a shorter time due to its surface area being smaller, therefore having a larger constant velocity. On the graph I will expect a little curve showing the acceleration of both cup cakes but will quickly end up in a straight line until it reaches the bottom. The gradient of the smaller cup cake will be steeper than the larger one due to its greater constant velocity. The scientific explanation is explained below.Background theoryTo explain what happens, we must use scientific evidence to prove this. First we must know about Newtons third law:Resultant force = Mass x Acceleration (f = m.a)In this experiment, mass is kept constant so it cannot affect the resultant force. This means the only variable to change the resultant force is acceleration. Therefore for the resultant force to increase, the acceleration of the cup cakes must increase. When the cup cake starts to fall at the very start, its resistance is 0.00N. The smaller cup cake will have a higher acceleration because due to its smaller surface area, it will have less friction in the air and higher resultant force. The air particles in the air collide with the cup cake as it falls down and if fewer particles are colliding with the cup cake, then it will have a higher accele ration, faster velocity and higher resultant force. As the air resistance increases, it will eventually equal the resultant force of the cup cake and will fall at a constant velocity. This is because air resistance increases with increase of velocity. This is known as terminal velocity. The small cup cake with a smaller surface area will fall at a faster terminal velocity because its air resistance (friction) is less great and therefore its acceleration is faster and so resultant force will be greater.Terminal velocity is achieved by Newtons 1st law: Balanced forces do not affect the movement of an object: it remains stationary. But in this case Newton also says if the object is already moving it continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction.Apparatus* Two 100.00cm rulers* 2.00g of plasticene* A large cup cake* A small cup cake* A stop watch* A Balance (to measure mass of cup cakes for fair test to 2 d.p.)* Sellotape* Right angled set squareMethod* Get all apparatus as listed above* Using a right angled triangle to make sure the ruler is 900 to the ground, place one 100cm ruler up against the wall and attach it to the wall firmly using sellotape.* Using the right angled triangle again, firmly attach the other 100cm ruler on top of the other 100cm to the wall using sellotape. The right angled triangle is used to keep the rulers at right angles to the ground so no anomalous results appear due to the rulers not being straight.* Place the large cup cake on the balance. It will be lighter then 0.33g. To make it to 0.33g which I am going to use for both cup cakes, add a little bit of plasticene at a time until it reaches 0.33g* Do the same as above but with the smaller cup cake to make it a fair test with both cup cakes being the same mass at 0.33g.* Remember to find the mass of the cup cakes each time before it is dropped to make sure it is a fair test.* Starting from 50.00cm, drop each cup cake 3 times so an average time can be recorded. Use the st opwatch to time how long it takes the cup cake to reach the ground. When dropping the cup cake, make sure it is dropped at exactly 50.0cm each turn by using the right angled set square level to the height. Measure from the bottom of the cup cake. Start the timer when it starts dropping immediately and stop the timer as soon as the bottom of the cup cake reaches the bottom. Each cup cake must be dropped in the same way, with its bottom facing the floor. Make sure the cup cakes are dropped straight and that no winds are affecting the results or any obstacles i.e. the wall and windows open. Record all observations.* Repeat the above up to 240.00cm going up 10.00cm each time and recording all observations. Put all results into a results table.* Make sure it is a fair test.ResultsMass used = 0.33g for both cup cakesHeights = 50.00cm going up 10.00cm to 240.00cm3 results were taken at each height for each cup cake to make an average result.SmallLargeTime (Seconds)Time (Seconds)Height drop ped from (cm)123Average123Average50.000.320.370.250.310.410.500.440.4560.000.430.320.370.370.680.630.630.6570.000.430.340.550.440.690.720.680.7080.000.430.430.320.390.740.810.820.7990.000.350.430.500.430.800.880.890.86100.000.750.530.650.641.010.981.011.00110.000.650.750.720.710.961.071.021.02120.000.780.630.780.731.181.171.141.16130.000.720.830.720.761.111.241.181.18140.000.910.870.780.851.121.211.241.19150.000.840.930.930.901.281.271.281.28160.000.820.930.820.861.321.291.291.30170.000.941.021.091.021.381.321.321.34180.001.091.131.111.111.681.701.641.67190.001.151.090.901.051.431.591.561.53200.001.091.291.151.181.651.561.651.62210.001.151.181.091.141.781.781.631.73220.001.101.321.151.191.721.661.701.69230.001.181.091.391.221.691.681.851.74240.001.331.211.391.311.871.961.921.92It appears that no anomalous results appeared in my tableAnalysisFrom looking at the graph, it shows that the higher the cup cake is dropped at, the longer the time it takes for it to reach the floor. It seems that from my figures and graph, if height doubles then time does not halve. There is no connection of doubling/halving at all. The large cup cake has taken longer to fall to the ground than the smaller cup as I predicted at given heights. This is because the larger surface area causes more friction with the air particles in the air giving it a larger air resistance. This means that the acceleration would be slower than the smaller cup cake as shown by the less steep curve at the start of the graph. Also the larger air resistance meant that its terminal velocity would be less great and therefore it will reach the ground through a longer period of time. The resultant force of the cup cake is due to this formula:Resultant force = Mass x AccelerationAs the mass is equal for both cup cakes, the only variable will be acceleration. Because of the larger air resistance, its acceleration is not as high and therefore its resultant force will not be high, hence the slower terminal velocity an d then its longer period of time to reach the floor.The terminal velocity is shown by the roughly drawn straight line as shown on graph for both cup cakes. My prediction is correct about this terminal velocity being reached because Newton says: if the object is already moving it continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. This is made by the air resistance equalling the resultant force of the cup cake. The gradient of the two cup cakes are different. The large cup cake shows its terminal velocity was not as great as the smaller cup cake with its less steep gradient. My prediction proves correct that the larger cup cake was going to fall at a smaller terminal velocity due to its smaller acceleration and there smaller resultant force using the formula F = m.a.The graph also shows at the start the acceleration of the cup cakes were being made by the little curves drawn on the graph. The gradient of the smaller cup cake is steeper which indicates that it had a higher acceleration than that of the larger cup cake, scientifically proven above by its smaller surface area.EvaluationIt seems from my results and the graphs well fitted line that the experiment went very well. The method used does seem to be quite accurate but may be altered to improve the experiment so further investigation can occur. The accuracy of my results do seem pretty good as shown by the good fit of the line on the graph and no anomalous results appearing in graph or table. I do not think more accurate results will alter much of my results but if I wanted to make this experiment even better, I can use apparatus that will measure my results more accurately as I will further explain later.My method does seem to perform the experiment with many precautions as I always checked the constant qualities all the time. Each set of reading was done in the same way, with a right angled triangle to make sure that the bottom of the cup cake was level with the height given, the mass was cons tantly checked, that the cup cake was dropped bottom first and that no interference of wind etc. affected the results.One method that might have altered some results is the reaction time of stopping the timer when the cup cakes hit the floor and also the reaction time to start the clock when it first drops. This may alter some results dramatically but it seems it has not in this investigation but to make it more accurate; we could use sensors to know when it starts dropping and know when it reaches the ground. Starting and stopping the stopwatch with your reaction time of yourself can make the results very inaccurate.Some repeated values were a little bit off than the others but were not that dramatic. This is probably due to the reaction time of starting and stopping the stopwatch as stated above and could be improved. The range of readings may have also been improved by making more readings at the start when the cup cake is first released. This could give more detail and informati on how much more the smaller cup cake accelerates than the larger cup cake. There is no point in making range of readings more than 240.0.cm because from using scientific evidence, we know that terminal velocity will carry on until it reaches a halt on the ground. To improve data, more readings may have been taken. Instead of taking readings every 10.00cm, we could have taken readings every 5.00cm to produce more data so we could reinforce our conclusion.

Caperucita Roja‘Little Red Riding Hood’ in Spanish

Caperucita Roja‘Little Red Riding Hood’ in Spanish Here is a public-domain version of Caperucita Roja, a Spanish version of the fairy tale known in the English-speaking world Little Red Riding Hood. Grammar and vocabulary notes follow for the aid of Spanish students. Caperucita Roja Habà ­a una vez una nià ±a muy bonita. Su madre le habà ­a hecho una capa roja y la muchachita la llevaba tan a menudo que todo el mundo la llamaba Caperucita Roja. Un dà ­a, su madre le pidià ³ que llevase unos pasteles a su abuela que vivà ­a al otro lado del bosque, recomendndole que no se entretuviese por el camino, pues cruzar el bosque era muy peligroso, ya que siempre andaba acechando por allà ­ el lobo. Caperucita Roja recogià ³ la cesta con los pasteles y se puso en camino. La nià ±a tenà ­a que atravesar el bosque para llegar a casa de la abuelita, pero no le daba miedo porque allà ­ siempre se encontraba con muchos amigos: los pjaros, las ardillas listadas, los ciervos. De repente vio al lobo, que era enorme, delante de ella. -  ¿Adà ³nde vas, nià ±a bonita? - le preguntà ³ el lobo con su voz ronca. - A casa de mi abuelita - le dijo Caperucita. - No est lejos - pensà ³ el lobo para sà ­, dndose media vuelta. Caperucita puso su cesta en la hierba y se entretuvo cogiendo flores: - El lobo se ha ido - pensà ³ - no tengo nada que temer. La abuela se pondr muy contenta cuando le lleve un hermoso ramo de flores adems de los pasteles. Mientras tanto, el lobo se fue a casa de la abuelita, llamà ³ suavemente a la puerta y la anciana le abrià ³ pensando que era Caperucita. Un cazador que pasaba por allà ­ habà ­a observado la llegada del lobo. El lobo devorà ³ a la abuelita y se puso el gorro rosa de la desdichada, se metià ³ en la cama y cerrà ³ los ojos. No tuvo que esperar mucho, pues Caperucita Roja llegà ³ enseguida, toda contenta. La nià ±a se acercà ³ a la cama y vio que su abuela estaba muy cambiada. - Abuelita, abuelita,  ¡quà © ojos ms grandes tienes! - Son para verte mejor- dijo el lobo tratando de imitar la voz de la abuela. - Abuelita, abuelita,  ¡quà © orejas ms grandes tienes! - Son para oà ­rte mejor - siguià ³ diciendo el lobo. - Abuelita, abuelita,  ¡quà © dientes ms grandes tienes! - Son para...  ¡comerte mejor! - y diciendo esto, el lobo malvado se abalanzà ³ sobre la nià ±ita y la devorà ³, lo mismo que habà ­a hecho con la abuelita. Mientras tanto, el cazador se habà ­a quedado preocupado y creyendo adivinar las malas intenciones del lobo, decidià ³ echar un vistazo a ver si todo iba bien en la casa de la abuelita. Pidià ³ ayuda a un segador y los dos juntos llegaron al lugar. Vieron la puerta de la casa abierta y al lobo tumbado en la cama, dormido de tan harto que estaba. El cazador sacà ³ su cuchillo y rajà ³ el vientre del lobo. La abuelita y Caperucita estaban allà ­,  ¡vivas! Para castigar al lobo malo, el cazador le llenà ³ el vientre de piedras y luego lo volvià ³ a cerrar. Cuando el lobo despertà ³ de su pesado sueà ±o, sintià ³ muchà ­sima sed y se dirigià ³ a una charca prà ³xima para beber. Como las piedras pesaban mucho, cayà ³ en la charca de cabeza y se ahogà ³. En cuanto a Caperucita y su abuela, no sufrieron ms que un gran susto, pero Caperucita Roja habà ­a aprendido la leccià ³n. Prometià ³ a su abuelita no hablar con ningà ºn desconocido que se encontrara en el camino. De ahora en adelante, seguir las juiciosas recomendaciones de su abuelita y de su mam. Grammar Notes Habà ­a una vez is a common way of saying once upon a time. Its literal meaning is there was a time. Habà ­a is the imperfect tense of the very common hay, which means there is or there are. Muchachita is a diminutive form of muchacha, a word for girl. The diminutive is formed here using the suffix -ita. The diminutive form can indicate that the girl is small or can be used to indicate affection. Abuelita, a form of abuela or grandmother, is another diminutive found in this story. In that case, it is probably being used as a term of affection rather than referring to her size. The name of the story itself is another diminiutive; a caperuza is a hood. The dashes beginning in the fifth paragraph function as type of quotation mark. Words such as verte, oà ­rte, and comerte wont be found in dictionaries, because they are infinitives joined with the object pronoun te. Such pronouns can either be attached to infinitives or be placed before them. Such pronouns can also be attached to gerunds, as in dndose. The opposite of a diminutive is an augmentative, and an example here is muchà ­simo, derived from mucho. Vocabulary Definitions in this list are not complete; they are designed to give primarily the meanings of these words as they are used in the story. abalanzarse sobre- to fall on top ofabuela- grandmotheracechar- to stalkahogar- to drownde ahora en adelante- from now onanciano- old personardilla listada- chipmunkatravesar- to go acrossbosque- forestde cabeza- head firstcambiar- to change capa- cape castigar- to punishcazador- huntercesta- basketcharca- pondciervo- deercuchillo- knifeen cuanto a- with regard todar media vuelta- to turn halfway arounddesdichado- unfortunatedespertar- to wake updevorar- to devourdirigirse a- to head towardechar un vistazo- to check things outenseguida- very soonentretener- to get sidetrackedgorro- bonnetharto- full of foodjuicioso- sensiblejunto- togetherllenar- to filllobo- wolfmalvado- wickeda menudo- frequentlymeterse- to entermientras tanto- meanwhileoreja- earpesar- to have weightpiedra- rockprometer- to promiseprà ³ximo- nearbyrajar- to slice openramo- bouquetde repente- at onceronco- hoarsesacar- to take outsed- thirstsegador- harvesterseguir- to follow, to continuesuave- softsusto- frighttratar de- to try totumbado- lying downvientre - belly

Ways To Improve Starbucks' Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Causes and Effects of Climate Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Climate Change - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the stratosphere has been identified as an atmospheric layer which is essential for survival on Earth because it contains ozone gas (O3) which forms the ozone layer protecting the earth from ultraviolet radiations of the Sun. The depletion of this ozone layer can lead to the entry of these harmful radiations into the surface of the earth and these radiations have many harmful effects which range from DNA and RNA damage in humans to the disturbance of even the marine life. Thinning of this layer has been found to be associated with skin cancers, cataracts, and weakening of the immunity. It can damage the ecological balance because it will not only disturb marine life but there is evidence that it might even affect crops. The stratosphere is sensitive to atmospheric pollutants which include chlorofluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and halon compounds. Because of increased environmental pollution and the emission of these ha rmful compounds into the atmosphere by the industries and other sources which include the emissions from cars, refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosols, the stratospheric ozone has been depleting gradually. The reason behind this is that these gases react with the ozone gas and initiate a cascade which destroys numerous ozone molecules. The greenhouses gases constitute less than one percent of the atmosphere. They include carbon dioxide, ozone, and water vapor. Thirty percent of the solar energy is reflected back before it even enters the last surface of the earth and a significant amount of energy that reaches the earth is also reflected back. This energy is the infrared radiation. This radiation is taken up by the greenhouse gases before it escapes the troposphere thus leading to a warming effect which is known as the greenhouse effect.

Forms of Business Organizations and Int'l Law Essay

Forms of Business Organizations and Int'l Law - Essay Example Further, the death of either of the partners is enough reason to cause dissolution of the partnership regardless of whether the remaining partners resolve to continue or not. The fact that Raylan and Boyd had agreed orally to set up a partnership and share profits and expenses equally does not amount to an agreement in law because in absence of a written document containing provisions and guidelines about the partnership, the courts will apply the state law on partnerships (Bagley and Savage, 2010 chapter 20). (b)Party to be sued by Sassy Sauces if Justified BBQ refuses to pay at the time Raylan and Boyd are winding down the business The partnership will be the one to be sued by Sassy Sauces and bears full liability to pay for the supply of the BBQ sauce. A partnership is created expressly or implied by two or more people with a common understanding about capital input, sharing of profits and losses, efforts and labor as well as skills. Even with the implied agreement, decisions on t hird party transactions made by some partners without consent from the rest are binding on the partnership and not on the individual partners involved. In this case, Boyd entered into a third party transaction for the supply of BBQ sauce without the knowledge of Raylan. In spite of the contract price being overstated, the transaction was binding to the partnership and is viewed in the eyes of the law as though it was a consequence of a shared decision. Partners owe each other duty of care in regards to entering into irresponsible business transactions as Boyd did in order to get the attention of the receptionist in Sassy Sauces and they should hold in trust the property and profits of the partnership business. These fiduciary duties towards each other continue until the business is wound up completely (Bagley and Savage, 2010 chapter 20). (c)Responsibility for payment for the BBQ sauce if Justified BBQ was a corporation and went bankrupt The corporation would be the one to pay for t he BBQ sauce. In law, a corporation is a legal entity different from its owners and the liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount of investment in the corporation therefore the corporation carries the responsibility arising from actions of the shareholders and/or directors although the veil of incorporation may be pierced to determine the real owners and hold them personally liable. In the worst case scenario, Boyd as a shareholder would lose the amount of capital investment equivalent to the payment required by Sassy Sauces. Because ‘Justified BBQ’ has two owners only then it would most probably be a close or closely held corporation. If it as a close corporation in which case shareholders have an option in written agreement to run the day to day operations and not appoint directors, the actions of a shareholder (like Boyd in this case) would translate to personal liability because the veil of incorporation would ordinarily be lifted or pierced to establis h who are the real owners of the corporation involved in swindling the corporation of its resources and apportion the loss accordingly. In the case of a closely held corporation which is identifiable with lack of a market for its stock, greater responsibility is placed on the majority shareholders and the directors, in this case Ralyan. Boyd will still be held accountable for his actions because Ralyan did not a

Consider your character's biography and create a speech that explores Essay

Consider your character's biography and create a speech that explores your character's perspective on the Iowa City Under 21 - Essay Example But I did, because I knew that this is the only place where I can meet several people, and most of them would give me insight into ways of living life happily. This is where creativity and ideas are born and helps you to realize how things can be done differently. For that reason, drinking and that too before the legal age of 21, should not be prohibited. At one point, it is bringing financial losses for the bar owners, on the other hand, it is depriving deriving youth to getting engaged in activities of more severe nature (Misiag). As an international student, I felt deprived when I came to know about Under-21 ordinance of Iowa City. By going to the bars, I considered it as an opportunity to get socialize with the locals and learn ways in which the local life is carried on. I thought it would give me an opportunity to learn about my professional studies and the life afterwards, so that I am ready to meet new people in professional life and fit my character and self-being within. But here I am standing today, in front of this young audience and demanding their right to live a free life. A life, which is given to them by God and only God, can put limits to what this youth want in their lives. So, I ask you to stand for your rights (Davis). Vote for your cause. It is your right to decide how you are going to live and fit in the social structure of the society. Stand against it and protest against the ordinance so that you can also be a normal part of this society and see how you are going to live in the life ahead. Here, I would like to quote Nicholas Johnson, who stated that: â€Å"A drinking age of 18 is something that he and a great many others support -- including those whose motto is "Iowa City: Where Great Minds Drink Alike.† (Johnson) Those who do not know who Nicholas Johnson really is, I would like to tell them that he is a former Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission. He is well known amongst the Iowians and popular for his social work. I would like to agree with Nicholas, as all around the world, the legal age for drinking is 18 years, whereas the local government here in Iowa thinks, they can produce better youth by stretching this ban to further three years. From the ethical point of view, I think Nicholas is fulfilling his responsibility of letting youth decide how they want to design their future. It is not established that alcohol drives human beings to unethical conduct, but there are medical explanations, that after 18, the human tendency to bare the adverse affects of alcohol increases. Further elaborating on his idea, Nicholas also asked a question to the law making authorities of City of Iowa that how they can help in creating good minds without alcohol? It is the utter belief of Johnson that the emotional strength comes from inside and to explore the potential inside, alcohol stimulates the inner strength to face demons and angels. It increase the creativity reflected in individuals’ work. So, it is either time to stand up for your rights and start lobbying to get Under 21 Ordinance of Iowa City abolished, or let the next generation be dependent on others to provoke their creative skills. I believe, as Nicholas Johnson do, that in the current competitive scenario of Iowa city and the outside world, it is in the best interest of the local government, talent managers and the local and foreigner students of Iowa city, that the ban on

Forms of Business Organizations and Int'l Law Essay

Forms of Business Organizations and Int'l Law - Essay Example Further, the death of either of the partners is enough reason to cause dissolution of the partnership regardless of whether the remaining partners resolve to continue or not. The fact that Raylan and Boyd had agreed orally to set up a partnership and share profits and expenses equally does not amount to an agreement in law because in absence of a written document containing provisions and guidelines about the partnership, the courts will apply the state law on partnerships (Bagley and Savage, 2010 chapter 20). (b)Party to be sued by Sassy Sauces if Justified BBQ refuses to pay at the time Raylan and Boyd are winding down the business The partnership will be the one to be sued by Sassy Sauces and bears full liability to pay for the supply of the BBQ sauce. A partnership is created expressly or implied by two or more people with a common understanding about capital input, sharing of profits and losses, efforts and labor as well as skills. Even with the implied agreement, decisions on t hird party transactions made by some partners without consent from the rest are binding on the partnership and not on the individual partners involved. In this case, Boyd entered into a third party transaction for the supply of BBQ sauce without the knowledge of Raylan. In spite of the contract price being overstated, the transaction was binding to the partnership and is viewed in the eyes of the law as though it was a consequence of a shared decision. Partners owe each other duty of care in regards to entering into irresponsible business transactions as Boyd did in order to get the attention of the receptionist in Sassy Sauces and they should hold in trust the property and profits of the partnership business. These fiduciary duties towards each other continue until the business is wound up completely (Bagley and Savage, 2010 chapter 20). (c)Responsibility for payment for the BBQ sauce if Justified BBQ was a corporation and went bankrupt The corporation would be the one to pay for t he BBQ sauce. In law, a corporation is a legal entity different from its owners and the liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount of investment in the corporation therefore the corporation carries the responsibility arising from actions of the shareholders and/or directors although the veil of incorporation may be pierced to determine the real owners and hold them personally liable. In the worst case scenario, Boyd as a shareholder would lose the amount of capital investment equivalent to the payment required by Sassy Sauces. Because ‘Justified BBQ’ has two owners only then it would most probably be a close or closely held corporation. If it as a close corporation in which case shareholders have an option in written agreement to run the day to day operations and not appoint directors, the actions of a shareholder (like Boyd in this case) would translate to personal liability because the veil of incorporation would ordinarily be lifted or pierced to establis h who are the real owners of the corporation involved in swindling the corporation of its resources and apportion the loss accordingly. In the case of a closely held corporation which is identifiable with lack of a market for its stock, greater responsibility is placed on the majority shareholders and the directors, in this case Ralyan. Boyd will still be held accountable for his actions because Ralyan did not a

Land Law Essay Example for Free

Land Law Essay Some of the essential requirements of easements are the presence of a dominant and a servient tenement. In general, dominant tenements are estates that are either fee simple or leasehold; moreover, easements cannot exist in gross or in the absence of a dominant tenement. Further, it is essential for an easement to bestow on the dominant tenement either a benefit or some form of accommodation. This makes it mandatory for the accrual of a tangible benefit to the dominant tenement. Consequently, the easement should make it possible for the dominant owner to utilize the dominant tenement to a greater extent and the benefit conferred must pertain to land. In addition, the dominant and servient tenements should be sufficiently proximate to each other. Moreover, the owner or occupant of the dominant and servient tenements should be different persons. Furthermore, such easement should be eligible to be made the subject matter of a grant by deed. Such a requirement further entails that the granted right is unambiguous, capable of adequately precise definition. In addition, such subject matter should be in concord with the nature of the easement, which in other words, connotes that the easement does not permit exclusive and unrestricted use of the land . Furthermore, the grantee must be competent, and not some indefinite entity. Such a grantee should possess an interest in the dominant tenement at the time of the grant. Moreover, a grantor who is competent to grant such a right should exist and while making the grant, the servient owner should possess an interest in the concerned tenement that is equal to or greater than the interest that devolves from the tenement. There are a few interests that exist in respect of the land bestowed on a land owner, which are conceded by the courts. In one important case, Hill v. Tupper , Pollack C B stated that â€Å"A new species of incorporeal hereditament cannot be created at the will and pleasure of the owner of property; but he must be content to accept the estate and the right to dispose of it subject to the law as settled by decisions or controlled by Act of Parliament† . Moreover, an easement should accommodate the dominant tenement. The right of easement provides a personal advantage; that is related to the land owned by that party. This right enhances the advantage of its enjoyment . There are four components that govern easement in order to accommodate dominant tenement. First, the right to easement requires an improvement in the position of the dominant tenement into an enhanced and convenient property instead of converting it into a personal advantage of the dominant owner. Second, the dominant and servient tenements need to be located proximally so that the easement provides a potential benefit to the dominant tenement. For instance, a track used for carts, which caters to the needs of the farmer and accommodates the farming activities of the farmer, could be located far away from the farm. Third, the users should be disconnected and fourth, there should not be any personal advantage. This had been established in the aforementioned case of Hill v Tupper, in which the owner of a canal leased the banks of the canal and the right to operate boats on the canal to the defendants. In this case the court held that the claimant had a personal interest and thus was precluded from defending against third party actions . Not every right that is granted in respect of land constitutes an easement. For instance, if one person gives another the right to cross his land, which is located at an appreciable distance from the other person’s land, then such a right is not an easement. This was clearly established in the Hill v. Tupper case, wherein the Basingstoke Canal owners extended exclusive rights to the plaintiff to hire boats that would be used for recreational purposes. This business of the plaintiff was jeopardized by the defendant who commenced to compete with him . Instead of filing a breach of contract against the owners of the Basingstoke Canal, the plaintiff, filed a case against the defendant pleading that the defendant was liable in nuisance to him. The Court of the Exchequer, which was hearing this case, expressed its lack of competency to generate, rights that were unrelated to the enjoyment of land and appropriate them to the land with the objective of forming a property in the grantee. However, the plaintiff did possess property that adjoined it . The reason for such a decision can be construed to be that the court was disinclined to permit a commercial benefit to be construed as an easement. This tendency of the courts is clearly established in the case of Moody v. Steggles. In this case an advertisement of a public house was displayed in the defendant’s adjoining land. The court held that the right under dispute pertained to the plaintiff’s business and therefore was unconnected to the right of easement. Thus the easement and the manner in which the land had been occupied were intimately connected . The court decided in the case of London and Blenheim Estates V Ladbrokeretail Parks that a tenement that was dominant had to be adequately identified as such and that it must be sufficiently described so as to render the easement binding on the servient tenement. The appellate court held that it was inadequate to merely grant the right to nominate unspecified land as constituting a dominant tenement in respect of an easement, in order to generate an interest in the land that would serve to bind successors in title to the servient tenement . It is essential for different persons to possess dominant and servient tenements, because an easement constitutes a right over somebody else’s property. Pollock CB, made the distinction between proprietary and personal rights, crystal clear when he opined that ‘A grantor may bind himself by covenant to allow any right he pleases over his property, but he cannot annex to it a new incident, so as to enable the grantee to sue in his own name for an infringement of such a limited right as that now claimed. The sum and substance of this statement is that a number of rights can be created that are governed by contract. Further, it is permissible for a leasehold tenant or a fee simple owner to grant easements. However, a tenant can do so only during the pendency of the lease. If these requirements are not fulfilled, then there is no easement, despite the possible existence of a restrictive covenant, license or lease. With the case of Hill v. Tupper it became evident that an easement must accommodate the dominant tenement. For an easement to be valid, it has to necessarily bestow some benefit on the land, rather than on the owner. In the Hill case the servient tenement was a waterway and lease granted to the claimant was in respect of some land that adjoined this canal. In addition, the claimant was exclusively permitted to make available pleasure luxury boats on this canal. The court however, held that the conduct of business on the servient tenement was insufficient to bestow an easement on the claimant and that it constituted nothing more than a license. Moreover, the court held that the claimant was making a blatant claim to ensure a commercial monopoly. Furthermore, the court decided that no easement could specify the exclusive use of a servient tenement in order to exclude other reasonable users . In Dyce v. Hay there was a claim that all the Queens subjects had the right to go at all times upon the†¦appellants property†¦for the purpose of recreation. It was held that There can be no prescriptive right in the nature of a servitude or easement so large as to preclude the ordinary uses of property by the owner of the lands affected . As per Lord St. Leonards, the class of servitudes and easements should change and widen in their applicability in accordance with the changes in society and the human condition . This opinion has to be interpreted, while bearing in the mind the maxim that English law does accord, with the exception of statute, recognition to an easement in its entirety. In other words easement should be restrictive. The judgment in the Dyce case makes it very clear that the judiciary was not disposed to expanding the category of easement in order to include rights that had not been recognized by the extant statute. In general some rights are not recognized by the courts as easements. These are a right to a view; a general right to loiter on some other person’s property and a right to shelter oneself from the elements with the help of neighbouring buildings. However, it was clearly demonstrated in the Dyce case that such a list of rights is not conclusive and could be expanded if so required. Although, the list of rights that could be construed to be easements cannot be enumerated, nevertheless, such rights should be similar to those rights that have been accorded the status of easements by law. However, the courts have been reluctant to permit new rights to be accorded the status of easements.

The scope and limitations of Reiss text typology

The scope and limitations of Reiss text typology Reiss translation-oriented text-typology provides a systematic approach to translation. More interestingly, it approaches translation at the text level. This essay will examine Reiss typology with focus on Parting the Waters, published in National Geographic, a monthly magazine that borders on science, geography, history and culture. REISS TEXT-TYPOLOGY Reiss sees translation as an act of communication whereby the translator acts as a medium (secondary sender). This presupposes that a message has to be passed across, from a primary source to a target receiver. The major media are the source language and the target language. The aim here is to produce a target language text that is functionally equivalent to the source language text (Reiss 2000:160). This means the source text should be the consultative point for the translator. In order to achieve this functional equivalence, Reiss proposes a functional approach of text-typology. This approach takes into account the major communicative function of a source text as a basis for translating into the target text. In other words, a target text that does not have the same function as the source text is not entirely a translation, but what Reiss calls transfer. Reiss text-typology includes a two-phase approach in translating a text: Phase of analysis and phase of reverbalization. The analy sis phase basically involves establishing the text type, genre and style (linguistic form).The phase of analysis is the most important as that is what would inform the translation method to employ. Text-type of Parting the Waters Reiss identifies three text-types according to their communicative function namely: the informative type (communication of content), the expressive type (communication of artistically organised content) and the operative type (communication of content with a persuasive character). There is another hyper-type which she calls the audio-medial text type. This is more of a super-ordinate term for the other three and does not concern the text in question since it is a written text. Parting the Waters can be seen chiefly as an informative text type; first given the context of the text: magazine and second because it gives factual information about a place: Korea, and the geographical events that take place there. The translation strategy recommended in this case by Reiss should thus focus on conveying content. Text variety of Parting the Waters This stage has to do with the conventions of structure and language adopted by the text. However, Reiss explains that they may differ according to different cultures. The importance of this is to be able to find a functionally equivalent convention in the target text culture. In this light, Parting the Waters is a kind of popular scientific text. This suggests also that it seeks a wider audience other than scientists. This leads to the final stage of analysis: style. Style in Parting the Waters The final stage of analysis has to do with detailed semantic, syntactic and pragmatic analysis of the language use (Reiss, 2000:166). Ordinarily, one would expect that when a text is an informative type, even the language used should be such that it is aimed only at giving facts. But that is often not the case, as Reiss herself admits, not in one single language do form and function show a 1:1 relation (2000:166). Hence, looking at the text, one would find a similar occurrence. The text has expressive language such as the internal rhymes: tides, divine, divide; of 15 feet. There is also an allusion to a biblical story: not divine interventions, an expression that answers the presupposition in the title itself Parting the Waters. Reiss thus considers this stage of analysis the most important, as the translator is faced with a decisive battle on what would inform the translation: the language or the function of the text. At this point, Reiss posits that if using an equivalent language style may weigh on the content of the text, then the translator should stick to the predominant function of the text. Translating Parting the Waters to Yorà ¹bà ¡: limitations Taking into consideration the content-focused function of the text, the translator is expected to employ a method that would achieve the same function as that of the target text by translating according to the sense and meaning (Reiss 2000:167). This suggests that the meaning conveyed by the target text should be equivalent to the meaning in the source text. Being a popular science text, and specifically about geography, Parting the Waters has terms such as peninsula, southwestern, mile, width, feet, and spring. While some of them might have some kind of equivalence (i.e. peninsula, mile width), a climatic description like spring poses a problem because Yorà ¹bà ¡ neither has a word nor group of words for it. This is basically due to the different weather conditions. The question is: what should the translator convey here? This is important because spring as used in the text plays a major role in the content; by telling us when an event takes place. The only alternative here would be to replace the word with the time of the year this season occurs in Korea. The problem with this is that it might change the meaning, as the sense of season is different from the calendar year. To solve this translation problem, the translator could adopt Nidas gloss translation of formal equivalence, that is, the use of footnotes in order to make the text fully comprehensible (Nida 2000:129). What this means is that Reiss method is not sufficient to solve this translation problem. The expression divine interventions in the text makes allusion to a biblical story about the Red Sea. This could be because the author had a target audience in mind and presumes they know about the story in the Bible. Although this can also be linked to the use of expressive language, it is however difficult to ignore the fact that this type of language use plays a role in the text- to maintain the interest of the reader. If the original audience for the source text were specialists, there is doubt as to whether expressive language would have been used at all, since all that would be needed are facts. The question is whether or not to include it in the translation. The answer to this is dependent on another question: who are the audience? Sacrificing the expressive form might change the text to an entirely scientific or historic one. This means a different readership, as it may not appeal to a common reader. The problem here is that Reiss method overlooks the fact there is an address ee for even an informative text type. She acknowledges this only in the text variety stage. However, communication itself is not complete without a receiver, in this case the readers. The title, Parting the Waters, also draws attention. It first makes the reader think of the biblical story of the Red Sea, and then makes a reader assume that is what the text is about. But this effect can only be achieved based on a shared knowledge between the author and the reader about the biblical story of the Red Sea. This assumption too must have been informed by the fact that the author had an audience in mind. However, the author quickly attends to this curiosity and possible misconception by the following opening sentence Tides, not divine interventions, divide Unfortunately, the target language (Yorà ¹bà ¡) audience is a mixture of different religions. In this text the title performs an expressive function, but that is not to say its predominant function is expressive. Since it is an informative text, one would expect again that the title would be informed by the major content being conveyed. But this is not the case. Moreover, attractive titles seem to be a common featu re of this genre. This is also a common feature of Yorà ¹bà ¡ magazines (Salawu 2004:100). The question here is: since content is the aim, should the target title be informed by the content alone and leave the use of expressive language? This of course is possible, as Reiss already advises on ignoring such language use especially if it will weigh on the content. Thus the translation can simply have à pa-Õnà   Ã’kun Korea which means The Path between Korean Waters. The consequence of this however is that it might not appeal to the wider audience except a few, specialists. This brings up again the question: who are the audience? Reiss considers this an appropriate factor only when the function of the target text is different from the source text (Reiss 2000:170). What her typology fails to recognise is that both source and target texts can have the same function (as in the case of Parting the Waters) but different addressees. CONCLUSION While Reiss translation-oriented text-typology provides a systematic method of approaching a translation task, it does not provide a complete solution to some problems in English to Yorà ¹bà ¡ translation of Parting the Waters. This suggests that it is not absolute that a text function will provide a translation strategy. Fawcett (1997: 107) makes this same point: There is simply no necessary link between text function and translation strategy. Just because we have identified a text functiondoes not mean that we are led inexorably to any logical or translation-scientific imperative to take this function as an overriding parameter to which we subordinate our translation decisions. (Fawcett 1997, p.107) This further suggests that other translation theories are valid and useful to the extent to which they proffer a solution to a translation problem.